2. Chapter 3 Communities and Biomes Part 1

3. Ecosystem: interactions among populations in a community  Consists of:  A community of organisms  The soil, water, and weather  Energy

4. Ecosystems http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ot _KmOTYfRA (14:04 min)

5. Biome - a major ecosystem that shares the same type of climate and has similar life forms. 1.Salt water 2.Freshwater 3.Estuary (mix of salt and fresh water) 4.Terrestrial (dry land)

6. Tundra (Alpine and Arctic) Permafrost - permanently frozen ground Plants - short roots; fast growing; perennials. Animals have thick fur / body fat / coloration.

7. Taiga / Coniferous Forest Conifers - cone-bearing trees / bending branches / needles as leaves. Animals also have thick fur / body fat.

8. Temperate / Deciduous Forest Broad - leaved trees lose their leaves yearly. Some birds migrate.

9. Tropical Rain Forest Arboreal - tree-dwelling animals Trees / Plants: 1. Canopy 2. Understory 3. Ground

10. Desert Most desert animals are nocturnal. Estivation - sleeping during hot days. Plants have waxy leaves / spines.

11. Grasslands (Savanna and Temperate) What are Steppes? Most animals have good vision and speed. Plants have underground stems / survive fires.

12. Aquatic Biomes Freshwater – Ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, wetlands. Marine – Oceans, coral reefs, estuaries.

13. CLIMATOGRAM - Measures two things:  Average Temperature  Average Precipitation

15. Chapters 3-4 Communities and Biomes / Population Part 2

16. Succession: changes over time  Primary succession – gradual growth of an ecosystem over a long period of time. Example: Hawaii. Rock -> Lichen -> moss -> grass -> shrub -> tree -> vines

17. Succession: changes over time  Pioneer species – first species in an area

18. Succession: changes over time  Climax community – shows little or no change over time  Secondary succession (previously supported vegetation) – sequence of life after natural disasters (examples: Forest fires, glaciers, avalanches, flood, hurricane, tsunami, tornadoes). 1988 forest fire in Yellowstone Nat’l Park

20. Ecological Succession https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V 49IovRSJDs&feature=youtu.be (6:20 min)

21. Population Dynamics  Exponential Growth - as a population gets larger, it also grows faster.  Carrying capacity - the maximum number of organisms that an environment can support.

22. Limiting factors: Factors that affect an organism’s ability to survive.  Density dependent factors:  Disease  Competition  Parasites  Food & water  Space

23. Density independent factors (abiotic factors):  Temperature  Storms  Floods  Drought  Habitat disruption (logging, burning, draining swamps, moving in exotic species)

24. Demography - human population growth  Immigration - moving in  Emigration - moving out  Natality - birth rate  Fatality - death rate  Growth rate

25. Populations http://www.bozemanscience.com/050 -populations (11:12)

26. Population Growth http://www.bozemanscience.com/exp onential-growth/