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MICROBIOLOGIA GENERALE
Microbial metabolisms 1
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Overview of the cellular metabolism
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catabolism: aims and products
Microbial metabolism catabolism: aims and products
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High energy compounds and energy storage
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Structure of the oxidation–reduction coenzyme nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NAD+)
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energy conservation: options
Microbial metabolism energy conservation: options
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Carbon source classes of Microorganisms Autotrophs Eterotrophs
Energy classes of Microorganisms Phototrophs Chemotrophs Chemoorganotrophs Chemolithotrophs
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Metabolic options for obtaining energy
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AEROBES ANAEROBES Aerotolerant Group Relationship to O2
Type of metabolism Example AEROBES Obligate Required Aerobic respiration Micrococcus luteus Facultative Not required, growth better with O2 Aerobic respiration or Fermentation Esherichia coli Microaerophilic Required at low levels Spirillum volutans ANAEROBES Aerotolerant Not required, growth no better with O2 Fermentation Streptococcus pyogenes Harmful or lethal Fermentation or Anaerobic respiration Clostridium tetani
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H20, H2S, S, organic molecules
Metabolism e- donor e- acceptor Microorganisms Fermentation Organic molecules Organic molecule Obligately anaerobic and facultative chemoorganotrophic Aerobic Respiration Organic molecules Inorganic O2 Obligately aerobic and facultative Chemolithotrophs Anaerobic Respiration Organic or inorganic molecules NO3 SO4 CO2 Nitrate reducers Sulfate reducers Methanogenic Photosynthesis H20, H2S, S, organic molecules NADP NADPH Cyanobacteria, Green and Purple bacteria
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Microbial metabolism fermentation
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H20, H2S, S, organic molecules
Metabolism e- donor e- acceptor Microorganisms Fermentation Organic molecules Organic molecule Obligately anaerobic and facultative chemoorganotrophic Aerobic Respiration Organic molecules Inorganic O2 Obligately aerobic and facultative Chemolithotrophs Anaerobic Respiration Organic or inorganic molecules NO3 SO4 CO2 Nitrate reducers Sulfate reducers Methanogenic Photosynthesis H20, H2S, S, organic molecules NADP NADPH Cyanobacteria, Green and Purple bacteria
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Overall process of FERMENTATION
In a typical fermentation, most of the carbon is excreted as a partially reduced end product of energy metabolism and only a small amount is used in biosynthesis
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Glycolysis The glucose catabolism Shunt hexose monophosphate Pentose
enteric bacteria and homofermentative lactic acid bacteria The glucose catabolism Shunt hexose monophosphate heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria Pentose phosphate Pyruvate Enter-Doudoroff Pseudomonas Rhizobium
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The Entner-Doudoroff pathway
(Pseudomonas, Rhizobium)
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Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway (glycolysis)
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The catalytic cycle of the enzyme fructose bisphosphate aldolase
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Butyric acid Propionic acid Lactic acid Alcohol Pyruvate Mixed Acids
Clostridium Propionic acid Propionibacterium Lactic acid Homofermentative Heterofermentative bacteria Alcohol Saccharomyces Pyruvate Mixed Acids Escherichia 2,3-Butanediol Enterobacter
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Alcohol Saccharomyces
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Lactic acid Homofermentative bacteria
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Homolactic fermentation
(Streptococcus, Lactococcus)
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Lactic acid Heterofermentative bacteria
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Heterolactic fermentation
(Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus)
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Lactic fermentation through the fructose-6-phosphate pathway
(Bifidobacterium)
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Mixed acids fermentation
(Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella)
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2,3-Butanediol fermentation
(Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia)
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2,3-Butanediol fermentation
Voges-Proskauer test
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Propionic acid fermentation
The formation of propionic acid by Propionibacterium
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Butyric acid fermentation
(Clostridium)
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Coupled oxidation-reduction between Ala and Gly
in Clostridium sporogenes
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aerobic respiration in chemoorganotrophs
Microbial metabolism aerobic respiration in chemoorganotrophs
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H20, H2S, S, organic molecules
Metabolism e- donor e- acceptor Microorganisms Fermentation Organic molecules Organic molecule Obligately anaerobic and facultative chemoorganotrophic Aerobic Respiration Organic molecules Inorganic O2 Obligately aerobic and facultative Chemolithotrophs Anaerobic Respiration Organic or inorganic molecules NO3 SO4 CO2 Nitrate reducers Sulfate reducers Methanogenic Photosynthesis H20, H2S, S, organic molecules NADP NADPH Cyanobacteria, Green and Purple bacteria
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Energetics and carbon flow in chemoorganotrophic
respiratory metabolism
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Energy conservation in fermentation and respiration
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Electron transport chains
and their relation to E0’. An electron transport system ,leads to the transfer of electrons from substrate to O2
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Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) (riboflavin phosphate,
a hydrogen atom carrier)
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Arrangement of the iron
Fe2S2 center Arrangement of the iron sulfur centers of nonheme iron-sulfur proteins that carry electrons only Fe4S4 center
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Structure of oxidized and reduced forms of coenzyme Q, a quinone
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Cytochrome and its structure
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Generation of the proton motive force during aerobic respiration
and the orientation of key electron carriers in the membrane
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Orientation of key electroncarriers in the membrane of E. coli
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Modular organization of the electroncarriers in E. coli
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Structure and function of
ATP synthase (ATPase)
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Structure and function of ATP synthase (ATPase) of E. coli
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Aerobic respiration of organic substrates in prokaryotes
Carbohydrates Pyruvate Amino acids Acetyl-CoA Fatty acids Citric acid cycle
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Aerobic respiration of organic substrates in prokaryotes
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The citric acid cycle (CAC)
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The overall balance of the aerobic respiration
Alcohol fermentation ATP per glucose
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The overall balance of the aerobic respiration
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