1. Topic 2.5 Function

2. Review Producers-basis of ecosystems, constant inputs of energy Consumers- do not contain photosynthetic pigments. Cannot make their own food Decomposers- break down tissues of dead orgainc matter, release nutrients back into soil Producers-basis of ecosystems, constant inputs of energy Consumers- do not contain photosynthetic pigments. Cannot make their own food Decomposers- break down tissues of dead orgainc matter, release nutrients back into soil

3. Photosynthesis Convert solar energy into chemical energy Oxygen is a waste product when water is split Imputs-sunlight, CO2, H2O Processes- Chlorophyll traps sunlight, energy used to split H2O, H from H20 is used to combine with Carbon to make glucose Outputs-Glucose used as (E) source for plants and for Convert solar energy into chemical energy Oxygen is a waste product when water is split Imputs-sunlight, CO2, H2O Processes- Chlorophyll traps sunlight, energy used to split H2O, H from H20 is used to combine with Carbon to make glucose Outputs-Glucose used as (E) source for plants and for

4. cont Building blocks for other materials e.g. cellulose, starch Output- O2 released from stomata Transformations- Light (E) is transformed into Chemical (E) that is stored. Building blocks for other materials e.g. cellulose, starch Output- O2 released from stomata Transformations- Light (E) is transformed into Chemical (E) that is stored.

5. Solar Radiation

6. Respiration Begins as an anerobic process in the cytoplasm of cells and moves into the mitochondria for aerobic reactions Controlled by enzymes Begins as an anerobic process in the cytoplasm of cells and moves into the mitochondria for aerobic reactions Controlled by enzymes

7. Respiration Inputs- O2, Glucose Processes- Oxidation Reduction reactions inside cells Outputs- Release of (E) for work and heat Transformations- Stored Chemical energy to kinetic energy and heat Inputs- O2, Glucose Processes- Oxidation Reduction reactions inside cells Outputs- Release of (E) for work and heat Transformations- Stored Chemical energy to kinetic energy and heat

8. Carbon Cycle Carbon is essential Key component of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins Carbon is fixed from simple to more complex molecules e.g. glucose Decomposers release Carbon back into the atmosphere when they respire Carbon is essential Key component of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins Carbon is fixed from simple to more complex molecules e.g. glucose Decomposers release Carbon back into the atmosphere when they respire

9. Oil/Gas formed when marine organisms die to bottom of ocean. Anaerobic conditions halt decay process Burial/pressure/heat over time create these fuels E.g. Limestone (calcium carbonate)formed by shells/corals being crushed and compressed into sedimentary rock Weathering of Limestone, acid rain, and burning of fossil fuels return Carbon back into atmosphere Oil/Gas formed when marine organisms die to bottom of ocean. Anaerobic conditions halt decay process Burial/pressure/heat over time create these fuels E.g. Limestone (calcium carbonate)formed by shells/corals being crushed and compressed into sedimentary rock Weathering of Limestone, acid rain, and burning of fossil fuels return Carbon back into atmosphere

10. Denitrifying- N2 is returned; bacteria removes O2 from nitrates for use in repiration Live in O2 poor soils Denitrifying- N2 is returned; bacteria removes O2 from nitrates for use in repiration Live in O2 poor soils

11. Nitrogen Cycle Important in amino acids=proteins, nucleic acids=DNNA Most abundant 80% Very stable Not directly accessible for plants/animals Only certain bacteria (N-fixing) can generate (E) to convert N2 into ammonia Important in amino acids=proteins, nucleic acids=DNNA Most abundant 80% Very stable Not directly accessible for plants/animals Only certain bacteria (N-fixing) can generate (E) to convert N2 into ammonia

12. Driven by 4 types of bacteria –N fixing bacteria (e.g. mychorrhizae) –Decomposers –Nitrifying bacteria –Dentirifying bacteria N-fixing: Azotobacter or Rhizobium (sybiotic relationship) Decomposers- produce ammonia and ammonium compounds; also present in excretory compounds Nitrifying bacteria- oxidize ammonia into nitrates and then nitrites; ammonia/nitrites =toxic to plants/animals, BUT nitrates are taken up by H2O=amino acids/other Driven by 4 types of bacteria –N fixing bacteria (e.g. mychorrhizae) –Decomposers –Nitrifying bacteria –Dentirifying bacteria N-fixing: Azotobacter or Rhizobium (sybiotic relationship) Decomposers- produce ammonia and ammonium compounds; also present in excretory compounds Nitrifying bacteria- oxidize ammonia into nitrates and then nitrites; ammonia/nitrites =toxic to plants/animals, BUT nitrates are taken up by H2O=amino acids/other

13. Water Cycle One major input= Precipitation (PPT) Two major outputs- evapotranspiration (EVT) and run off Storages of water-vegetation, surface, soil moisture, groundwater, and water channels. Also includes the atmosphere and the oceans One major input= Precipitation (PPT) Two major outputs- evapotranspiration (EVT) and run off Storages of water-vegetation, surface, soil moisture, groundwater, and water channels. Also includes the atmosphere and the oceans

14. Gross/Net Productivity Primary productivity-The gain of producers in energy or biomass Secondary-biomass gained by heterotrophic org. through feeding Can be divided into gross and net Primary productivity-The gain of producers in energy or biomass Secondary-biomass gained by heterotrophic org. through feeding Can be divided into gross and net

15. GP- Gross Productivity- total gain in (E) of (BM)/area/time GPP- gross primary productivity- gained through photosynthesis in primary producers GSP- gross secondary- gained through absorption in consumers NP- Net productivity- the gain in (E) or (BM) after respiratory losses ( R) – can have NPP and NSP GP- Gross Productivity- total gain in (E) of (BM)/area/time GPP- gross primary productivity- gained through photosynthesis in primary producers GSP- gross secondary- gained through absorption in consumers NP- Net productivity- the gain in (E) or (BM) after respiratory losses ( R) – can have NPP and NSP