1. What are the three major parts of the cardiovascular system?

2. Describe the flow of blood through the heart.

3. What controls the rhythmic contractions of the heart?

4. Where does oxygen-rich blood flow into the heart?

5. What artery comes out of the left ventricle?

6. What type of artery when blocked causes a heart attack (myocardial infarction)?

7. What blood vessel almost always carries oxygen-poor blood?

8. What blood vessel carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart?

9. What type of blood vessel contains smooth muscle?

10. How is the blood prevented from going backwards in the veins?

11. Where are blood cells made in an adult?

12. Describe four major types of blood cells?

13. What is the major function of red blood cells (erythrocytes)?

14. What iron containing molecule binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide?

15. What are the four major blood types? A person who is a universal donor has what blood type?

16. What problem would a person with sickle cell anemia have?

17. What role do platelets have in the blood?

18. What are the two major parts of the upper respiratory tract?

19. The upper respiratory tract has what three important functions?

20. How do the vocal cords make different sounds?

21. What is the name of the airways that branch off from the trachea?

22. What needs to occur when someone inhales? What needs to occur when someone exhales?

23. What process helps oxygen get into the blood and carbon dioxide get out of the blood?

24. As carbon dioxide increases in the blood, what happens to blood pH?

25. List five major excretory organs.

26. What waste is removed by the lungs?

27. What type of waste is excreted by the kidneys?

28. What is the major filtering unit of the kidney? How many of these filtering units are in each kidney?

29. What is the major urinary waste product found in urine?

30. What carries the urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder?

31. What is the advantage of having voluntary and involuntary control of the urinary bladder?

32. Name five pathologies associated with the renal excretory system.

33. List three excretory functions of the liver?

34. What part of skin helps remove some excess salts and urea?

35. The immune system helps to protect us from what two major things?

36. What are three examples of non-immune processes that make up the initial line of defense for the body?

37. What is mucociliary clearance?

38. Why is the inflammatory response important?

39. What does interferon do?

40. What causes antibodies to be formed?

41. What are the role of T and B cells in an immune response?

42. What is immunity?

43. Vaccination is an example of what type of immunity?

44. Why can one vaccination in early childhood protect us from a disease many years later?

45. Why would an antihistamine help someone with allergies?

46. What is homeostasis?

47. Give examples of two organ systems that are important for homeostasis?

48. How is negative feedback important in homeostasis?

49. List five areas that are under homeostatic control.