1. Note Final Exam-please check final schedule

2. Lecture 24 - 4 March 2011 Proteins

3. Comes from the Greek word protos meaning of prime importance

4. What are they? -chains of amino acids -an amino acid is an organic acid with a side group and an NH 2 group attached

5. Functions of proteins in the body -structure -hair, nails, cells -mechanical functions motor proteins -eg contractile proteins in muscle

6. Functions of proteins in the body -enzymes -aid in reactions- make the reactions go faster -hormones -signals to cells -eg insulin -antibodies -help fight infection

7. Functions of proteins in the body -fluid balance -osmotic influence -acid base balance -charge on certain proteins affects pH -channels e.g.-move ions into and out of cells

8. Functions of proteins in the body -pumps -move substances across cell wall by use of energy -transport -eg -lipoproteins transport fat in bloodstream -carry fat soluble vitamins -source of energy and glucose -when protein is broken down it gives energy

9. Functions of proteins in the body -used to make neurotransmitters

10. Digestion of protein -stomach –acid -denatures-straightens out proteins –readies them for small intestine digestion of proteins -small intestine- enzymes attack proteins and make them into amino acids

11. Absorption of protein Amino acids moved across intestinal wall into blood Transport of protein No special needed-the amino acids are water soluble

12. Excretion Proteins are broken down into amino acids and then amino acids are further broken down- urea is one product of amino acid breakdown, urea and other components of protein breakdown are put in the urine and excreted

13. How are proteins made in the body? -remember protein in is not protein out -proteins are made from copies of DNA

14. Nitrogen balance -positive nitrogen balance- more protein being made than broken down –pregnant female -zero nitrogen balance- protein is being made as fast as it is being broken down-healthy person -negative nitrogen balance- protein is being broken down faster than it is being made eg illness

15. Recommended intake of protein Infants 0-6 months 2.2 g/kg body weight/day Children 1-1.6 g/kg body weight/day Adults 0.8 g/kg body weight/day Seniors 0.8 g/kg body weight/day -For all about 15-20 % of daily energy intake -Must be high quality (complete) protein

16. Protein quality Complete proteins –correct balance of essential amino acids Definitions of two types of amino acids -essential and non-essential Most animal proteins are complete Many plant proteins are incomplete- exception soybean protein

17. Complementarity Beans and rice Beans and corn Rice and lentils Pasta and beans Peanut butter on bread

18. Estimating protein intake Food labels will allow you to do this Following Canada’s food guide will allow you to estimate this

19. Vegetarianism Types of diets

21. Health risks Vegans-low in iron, calcium, zinc, vitamin D and B 6 and B 12 -higher intakes of oxalates Fruitarian-limited in many essential nutrients Supplements of deficient nutrients frequently required for vegans and fruitarians

22. Protein deficiencies Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) Marasmus Wasting- skin and bones look Not enough energy or protein Kwashiokor Evil spirit that affects first child when the second one is born Enough energy not enough protein Swollen belly appearance

23. Excess protein intake Risk of cancer, heart disease and osteoporosis and renal failure