1. Normalization: A workshop for everybody! Database Normalization: A workshop for everybody! Part 1 Contents copyright Brent Friedman, 2013. Released under LGPL version 3.

2. Normalization: A workshop for everybody! Welcome to PostgresOpen 2013 Chicago Sept. 16-18, 2013

3. Normalization: A workshop for everybody! Brent Friedman CTO for a small data-mining start-up Doctoral candidate (DPA) – Valdosta State Univ. Open source contributor/advocate since the 1980s

4. Normalization: A workshop for everybody! Workshop Schedule Part 1 – A short database history Break Part 2 – A guided tour to third normal form Break Part 3 – Team competition

5. Normalization: A workshop for everybody! Some questions: 1. What is a database? 2. Why do we need to organize data? 3. Can't Excel do everything I need?

6. Normalization: A workshop for everybody! A quick history of databases... 1950's

7. Normalization: A workshop for everybody! The earliest computers were not sufficiently complex enough to entertain the idea of a free-standing database. Data was directly linked with the application in memory.

8. Normalization: A workshop for everybody! A quick history of databases... 1960's

9. Normalization: A workshop for everybody! The days of CODASYL (Conference on Data System Languages) – This organization started as a mechanism to standardize programming languages. 1965 – List Processing Task Force 1967 – Renamed Data Base Task Group During this time, hardware and software are closely linked, and both are purchased as part of a vendor package.

10. Normalization: A workshop for everybody! A quick history of databases... 1970's

11. Normalization: A workshop for everybody! In 1970, Edgar F. Codd published a paper titled Relational Database Theory. In effect, he envisioned first normal form (1NF). Codd's theory did not focus on the relational algebra of databases directly. Instead, he focused on how data should be addressed. This theory separated the data schema from the storage mechanism for the first time.

12. Normalization: A workshop for everybody! Two database “families” appeared in the 1970s: 1. The Ingres Group, whose descendents include: Ingres; Sybase; MS Sql Server; and Postgresql. These originally used the QUEL language. 2. The IBM System R Group, whose descendents include: DB2; Oracle; and Nonstop SQL. This branch used the SQL language.

13. Normalization: A workshop for everybody! A quick history of databases... 1980's

14. Normalization: A workshop for everybody! During the 1980s, the QUEL branch of RDBMS products languished and mostly died. Computer power increased to the point that home and small business users could actually use databases on personal computers. Products like dBase and Paradox bring SQL databases to the masses.

15. Normalization: A workshop for everybody! A quick history of databases... 1990's

16. Normalization: A workshop for everybody! The Internet brought many changes, including exponential growth in the database field. In 1995, graduate students Andrew Yu and Jolly Chen revise Postgres's query language, POSTQUEL, to use SQL, and call it Postgres95.

17. Normalization: A workshop for everybody! A quick history of databases... 2000's - Now

18. Normalization: A workshop for everybody! There have been several advances in databases in the past decade, including: Columnar databases, such as MonetDB Object databases, such as Cache NoSQL databases, such as MongoDB

19. Normalization: A workshop for everybody! Entity Relation Diagrams – ERDs

20. Normalization: A workshop for everybody! End of Part One