1. PIA 2020. Introduction to Public Affairs Week Two: The Methodology of Comparing Public Systems

2. Discussion, Introduction and Chapter 1, Schiavo-Campo “Good Governance” a. What is the difference between Government and Governance? b. Why is civil society important? c. What is the difference between institutions and organizations? d. Explain Political Culture

3. Discussion of the Week: Zakaria, Introduction and Chapter One 1. What is the difference between liberty and “democracy?” 2. Explain illiberal (populism?) 3. Compare “democracy in Ango-world from Europe, Asia and Africa? 4. How does religion influence “politics”

4. 1. Why do you think we are reading “The Promised Land” 2. What did you learn about Clarksdale Mississippi that surprised you? 3. What does Clarksdale tell us about social systems in America? 4. Compare and contrast Lemann, Zakaria and Schiavo-Campo Discussion: Lemann, The Promised Land

5. Revisit: Overview of this Session A. The Importance of Culture B. Dysfunctionalism C. State vs. Privatization D. History E. Reform

6. Overview, Continued Contemporary Policy Issues Public Sector Debate: Weber vs. Marx General and Enduring Features Comparative Approach and Culture Influences on the Policy Making Process

7. Themes  Corruption and Civil Service Reform  Debates about Contracting  Comparative Methodology

8. The Beginning: The Importance of Culture in Comparative Politics So far so good…. The Problem- Definition as the beginning of confusion 1. Method vs. Area Problem- The core of Comparative Politics 2. Strict definition: A method for cross- national comparison of political or bureaucratic structure or behavior. 3. Often used as all public administration which is not American 4. Key: Focus Upon Bureaucracy in both a contemporary and a Historical Context helps us understand public affairs

9. The Critical Issue of Culture

11. What is the dominant cultural value in Terms of Access? a. Ascription b. Representation vs. achievement c. Values re. social and economic change or distribution d. What is the dominant cultural value? What is most important? e. Representation vs. Politics

12. Ascription

13. Nature of Interaction Access: 1. Access to government often through the bureaucracy 2. Nature of interaction a. Ascription vs. achievement b. Values re. social and economic change c. Ethnic, religious or racial privilege

14. ACCESS?

15. Comparative Public Management and Development: Macro-Theme Companion to Issues of Development Theory, Human Security, Policy, and Planning Critical to an understanding of International Relations and Security Policy

16. Summary: Comparative Public Policy 1. Comparative View of Public Affairs and Management and Relationship to the Policy Process 2. The role of the bureaucracy in politics- Bureaucrats do make policy 3. The relationship between the state, the state bureaucracy to non-profit organizations and economic development.

17. Bureaucracy, Organizations and Power  The control of bureaucratic power, upon which comparisons of diverse bureaucracies can be valid.  Reminder- The Use of History: Historical Kingdoms in Asia, Africa and Europe precursor to modern state system

18. D. Comparative Public Affairs (PA) and Administration: “Five Minute History” Preliminary Comments: 1. The History and Public Affairs: The Passage of Time is Important 2. The view from the rest of the world. That includes the U.S. 3. A discipline that is not 4. Origins in the Comparative Politics Movement

19. Historical Case Studies and Continuity of Themes  China  Egypt  Rome  Feudalism  Africa  Absolutism  India, Empire and Britain  Modern Europe

20. China- Mandarins- c. 1500 BC Symbol: Elites a. Personalized Despotism b. Ministries/Departments with Officials c. Hierarchy of Authority a. Selection based upon competition b. General administration model

21. Many of the palaces were very much in the Chinese style. Vietnam was ruled by China for several hundred years, and adopted many of the Imperial Chinese practices (like the exam system, and mandarins).

22. Egypt- c. 1000 BC Symbol: Technical achievement a. Clerks and Scribes b. Architects, engineers c. Pyramids- craftsmen as elites d. Contemporary views in Egypt: Criticism includes bribery, corruption, over-standardization, red tape, extortion, laziness

23. The Principle of Building Pyramids-1

24. The Principle of Building Pyramids-2

25. Rome- 27 BC-476 AD Symbol: Taxes and Empire a. Revenue- system for Tax collection b. Distinguish: private vs. public personalities of head of state/ separation of resources of state from individuals c. Distinguished ruler from ruled d.Contemporary critique: Too large, inflexible, oppressive, over-centralized e.The Importance of Law

26.  Roman Law: The new code promoted the organization of public prosecution of crimes and instituted a system whereby injured parties could seek compensation in civil Disputes 1. Napoleonic Law 2. Roman Dutch Law 3. Common Law

27. Feudalism- 400 AD-1400 AD Symbol: Collapse a. Many power centers- myth of collapse b. Collapse of apparatus of central state- not all bad c. More developed state systems-Byzantium, North Africa and Asia d. Back to more traditionalist, fused systems at the end of the period (Resembled Africa)

28. Roland Pledges His fealty to Charlemagne

29. African Kingdoms: 800-1800 Ghana- Hierarchical Monarchy Mali- Timbuktu and Higher Education Songhay- Imperial Grandeur Zimbabwe- Stone Architecture Zulu- Warfare and Totalitarianism

30. African Kingdoms: 1000-1700

31. Songhai Empire, c.1340–1591

32. An African Traditional Leader Khama the Great- (C,1837-1923) Ian Khama Being Sworn In on April 1, 2008 (An African Democrat?)

33. Seretse Khama Bechuanaland’s Prime Minister  Link Tradition and Post-Colonial Link Tradition and Post-Colonial

34. Coffee Break

35. Absolutism and the Nation-State, 1500-1800: Western Europe and Scandinavia a. Return to Roman Ideal b. Royal Privileges c. Raise revenues: system of taxation, tax collectors back in business d. Mercentilism- wealth, based on state monopoly companies, basis of state power. Empire key to Expansion e.Modern origins of specialized administration- no longer members of the "king's household"-

36. Sixteenth Century Europe

37. Louis XIVLouis XIV, the Sun King ruled France from 1643 to 1715: Traditionalism

38. Prussia: Frederick the Great- 18th century a. Administration as a university study- Cameralism (Chamber managing the public's business) b. Entrance Examinations c. Field Training (Internships) d. Critique: caste status of bureaucrat, aloof, exclusive and inflexible

39. Prussian Law: Cameralism is an economic theory in which public revenue is sole measure of national prosperity

40. India- Northcote-Trevelyn Report of 1854- BB (Before Britain) a. Result of Indian Mutiny b. Pattern of Recruitment- Career appointments, competitive examinations, and an end to patronage c. Early model of merit system

41. Empire: Sepoy Mutiny 1857

42. Modern Europe- (Note John Armstrong)- 19 th Century England 1. Gentlemen generalists 2. Rotten boroughs and patronage 3. Sinecures- "bastard sons of the ruling class“ 4. Reform- merit, exams and elites 5. Colonial Administrators

43. Old Sarum U.K. By the 19th Century, the village, Old Sarum, was officially uninhabited and yet still had formal parliamentary representation, making it the most notorious of the rotten boroughs that existed before the Reform Act of 1832

44. The Debate about Institutions Origins of bureaucratic systems or The “Five Minute” History of Modern Public Administration” or understanding Max Weber and Karl Marx

45. Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920)- The Big Man

46. Weber: The Importance of Democracy in the Delivery of Public Services Campaigning for the Weimar Constitution in Germany, 1919

47. Capitalism and the Protestant Ethic- And its Critics

48. The Norms, Beliefs, and Institutions of 21st-Century Capitalism: Celebrating Max Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Conference: October 8-9, 2004

49. 4. Traditional, Charismatic and Legal- Rational Models of Public Administration- Max Weber: 1864-1920  Note: It was history that influenced the ideas of two late 19th century intellectuals, Karl Marx and Max Weber 1. Myth- Bureaucracy as a neutral actor 2. Max Weber’s Theory- Three ideal types of administration- Max Weber's three models 3. Traditional, Charismatic and Legal Rational

50. Central Debate: Two Giants of Public Affairs and Public Service Max Weber- Both a social scientist and a politician 1. Concern for Values: So-called Protestant Ethic 2. Separation of bureaucracy and politics 3. Weimar Republic- Political Institutions Karl Marx- Both a social scientist and a revolutionary 1. Class- Dialectic Materialism (History) 2. Social and Withering Away of State 3. Russian Revolution After his Death

51. As a Social Scientist Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818-March 14, 1883)

52. HISTORY: Marx  The Dialectic and Historical Materialism Roman Slavery- Citizens vs. Slaves Feudalism- Capitalism- Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat Socialism- Dictatorship of the Proletariat Communism

53. 19 th Century Germany  Prussia- law, authoritarian, hierarchical, and the German Intellectual  Max Weber- Liberalism and the State- Influenced by the Prussian model of the state

54. Continental Europe 1. France- Revolutionary model- routinization, Technical specialization 2. Iberia- Cartesian Models 3. Scandinavia/Benelux- Legal, then social model

55. Weber’s Traditional- Fused Administration 1. Looked back at China, Egypt, Rome and Africa 2. Fused System- magic, mystification and witchcraft 3. Key- gradual move to rational separation of King from government

56. Louis XIVLouis XIV, the Sun King ruled France from 1643 to 1715: Traditionalism

57. Poul Christian von Stemann, (April 14, 1764 – November 25, 1855) for twenty years the last ”prime minister” of Danish absolutism

58. French Revolution: “History, Nationalism and the Rule of Law”

59. Charismatic- Revolutionary and the Aftermath of French Revolution, 1789- 1815 1. State identified with the movement and leader 2. Apex under Napoleon 3. Allegiance of civil servant to leader

60. Routinization of Charisma 4. Key: Routinization of Charisma -from leader, shift loyalties one step further to nation -basic ministries- finance, foreign affairs, War, Justice, Interior 5. French revolution- Continued emphasis on science and engineering