1. LANDSCAPES general shape of land surface ESRT pages 2 and 3

3. TYPES 1. Mountains - high elevations, steep gradients, igneous and/or metamorphic rock, faults and folds

4. 2. Plateaus – moderate relief, horizontal rock structure, sedimentary rocks or extrusive igneous flows, often dissected by many streams

5. Catskill Mountains – Part of Appalachian Plateau

6. 3. Plains – low elevation, sedimentary rocks, generally level

7. Escarpment steep slope or long cliff of resistant rock that marks the edge of a relatively flat area; separate level areas of different elevations

8. Factors Affecting Landscapes 1. Uplift and Leveling Forces –Uplift – building up of land (mountains) - plate tectonic forces (folding, faulting and tilting of rock layers) –Leveling – weathering, erosion and subsidence

9. 2. Climate Temperature and moisture and amount of vegetation

10. a. Arid – steep slopes and sharp and angular features

11. b. Humid – smoother and more rounded features

13. 3. Bedrock Related to hardness and resistance to weathering - hard rock – weathers more slowly, steeper cliffs - soft rock – weathers easily (quicker), gentle slopes

14. Which layers are more resistant to weathering ?

17. 4. Time a. Young – uplift, fast streams, V-shaped valleys, steep slopes b. Mature – low rounded hills, broad flat valleys, meanders and flood plains c. Old – erosion almost to sea level

18. 5. Human Activities A. Land stripped of vegetation B. Building of roads C. Cities D. Building of new homes

19. STREAM DRAINAGE PATTERNS

20. Dendritic - horizontal rock layers, plains and plateaus Radial – radiate out from a single point, volcano or a single peak Annular - A ring-like pattern associated with maturely dissected dome or basin structures Rectangular – strongly jointed and faulted Trellis – rocks with different hardness, faulted and folded, valleys and ridges

21. STREAM DRAINAGE PATTERNS