1. BLOOD TYPES

2. On a cold day in 1667, a renegade physician named Jean Denis transfused calf's blood into one of Paris's most notorious madmen. In doing so, Denis angered not only the elite scientists who had hoped to perform the first animal-to-human transfusions themselves, but also a host of powerful conservatives who believed that the doctor was toying with forces of nature that he did not understand. Just days after the experiment, the madman was dead, and Denis was framed for murder. From: Blood Work: A Tale of Medicine and Murder in the Scientific Revolution Blood Work: A Tale of Medicine and Murder in the Scientific Revolution

3. 1901 - Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups Even animals have blood types

4. Blood Type is Controlled by 3 Alleles  determines type of protein on cell membrane of RBC 1. Alleles: A, B, O 2. A & B are codominant 3. O is recessive 4 Possible Blood Types

5. Genotypes Type A = AA or AO Type B = BB or BO Type AB = AB Type O = OO Blood types

6. Blood type: A B AB O When you donate blood, you are donating such a small amount of antibodies, those won’t affect the recipient

7. Protein (antigen) Blood Type Antibody in Plasma Genetic Possibilities AAAnti-BAA, AO BBAnti-ABB, BO Both A and BABNoneAB noneOBoth Anti-A and Anti-B OO

8. One gene from each parent to make blood type O and A are high in gene pool AB= rarest (4% of pop) B= next rarest (10% of pop) Mom is homozygous B Dad is heterozygous A

9. A O B AB BO B AB BO  2 AB offspring, 2 B Mom is homozygous B Dad is heterozygous A

10. Blood Transfusions If bloods do not match, agglutination occurs: Recipient produces antibodies that attack antigen proteins on RBC’s of donor ABABO A B O Donor Recipient

11. Blood Transfusions If bloods do not match, agglutination occurs: Recipient produces antibodies that attack antigen proteins on RBC’s of donor ABABO A YesNo Yes B NoYesNoYes AB Yes O No Yes Donor Recipient O = universal donor AB = universal recipient

12. Why is O the universal donor? Why is AB the universal recipient? TYPE ATYPE BTYPE ABTYPE O

13. Rh factor 1.*Rhesus= additional protein in human and monkey blood on RBC’s 2.Rh+ = protein on blood cell (++, +-) + is dominant 3.Rh- = no proteins on blood cell (--) – is recessive 4.Antibody= anti-Rh

14. Rh Factor 1.Can Rh- mother have a child who is Rh+? How?

15. Erythroblastosis Fetalis Scenario: Dad= Rh + and Mom = Rh-  Fetus = Rh + Blood from fetus mixes with mother’s blood Mother starts making anti-Rh antibodies On 2 nd pregnancy: Anti-Rh goes into fetus and attacks its blood cells

16. http://www.chw.org/medical-care/fetal- concerns-center/conditions/infant- complications/hydrops-fetalis-erythroblastosis- fetalis/ Erythroblastosis Fetalis

18. Treatment After birth, give mother Rho-Gam: drug that removes anti-Rh from her blood and desensitizes her immune system

19. Blood Type Test

20. Blood Safety EXAMPLES OF BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS HEPATITIS B (HBV) HEPATITIS C (HCV) HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) MALARIA OTHER POTENTIALLY INFECTIOUS MATERIALS

21. Avoid contact with blood that is not your own! 1.Wear gloves 2.Dispose of items that have been contaminated (tissues, needles, band- aids) in appropriate containers 3.Do not “horse around” 4. Treat every person as if they may be carrying an infectious disease!