1. Cells

2. Cell Theory Cells are the smallest and simplest collection of ______________________ that display _______________________. All ________________________ are made up of one or more cells. Cells are the basic ________________ and ________________ unit of life. All cells are _______________ from pre-existing cells.

3. Hierarchy _________________  _________________  _________________  _________________  _________________  ______________ ______________  _________________

4. Microscopes Microscopes are used to view cells. _________________ light microscope –1000x magnification Scanning _________________ Microscope –250,000x magnification –See outside of cells _________________ Electron Microscope –50,000,000x magnification –See inside of cells

5. Microscopes To figure out the size of the specimen you are looking at, multiply the diameter of the field of view by the percent of the field of view covered by the specimen. _________________ x _______________ = __________________________________ How large is this cell? 1.5 mm x.30 = ________

6. Cell Structure

7. ___________ Cell ___________ Cell ___________

8. Membrane-Bound Organelles Found Only In _____________ Cells

9. Nucleus Regulates processes in the cell Gives info for cell _____________ Responsible for make sure _____________ _____________ gets divided equally Has Several _____________ –Strands of DNA, RNA and proteins –_____________ : condensed chromosomes

10. Nucleus _____________ –Makes _____________ –Disappears during cell _____________ Nuclear membrane (envelope) –Two _____________ bilayers –Has nuclear _____________ –Allows _____________ to exit nucleus

11. Endoplasmic Reticulum Continuous network of membranes. _____________ ER –_____________ attached –Attached to _____________ –Produce protein _____________ ER –Packages _____________ for transport –Makes _____________, phospholipids, steroids –Detox of drugs & poisons

12. Golgi Complex/Apparatus _____________, _____________, and _____________ molecules An _____________ _____________ from sac to sac

13. Vacuoles Sac used for _____________. _____________ _____________ found only in _____________ _____________. _____________ vacuole in protists pumps out excess _____________.

14. Lysosomes – A Type of Vacuole Sac containing _____________ : –Lipases –Carbohydrases –Proteases _____________ : –Water –_____________ –Toxic substances –Damaged _____________ –Materials that have been _____________ by cell –Entire cell

15. Mitochondria Produce _____________ by cellular respiration when oxygen is present Lots in _________ - _____________ cells Two _____________ –Inner folded to increase surface area Has own _____________ __________________________ theory

16. Chloroplasts Only found in _____________ cells. Part of the “_____________ ” group. Surrounded by a double _____________. Carry out __________________________. Has own DNA like _____________.

17. What structure is absent in the cells of fungi thereby preventing them from performing photosynthesis? A. cilia B. nuclei C. chloroplasts D. mitochondria

18. Non-Membrane-Bound Organelles Found in _____________ and _____________ Cells

19. Cell Wall Only found in _____________ and _____________ Thick structure outside of cell _____________ to plant cells Composed of _____________ Prevents _____________ loss and excess water intake Surrounds the _____________ _____________, which is found in both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

20. Ribosomes Manufacture _____________ Free or attached to _____________ Made in _____________ Very tiny and light

21. Cytoskeleton _____________ filaments for support & _____________. _____________ –Cilia & flagella: movement with basal body base –Centrioles: cell division _____________ –Cytoplasmic movement

22. Circular DNA Since Prokaryotes (such as bacteria) do not have a _____________, their _____________ is found in one _____________ strand inside the cell.

23. The presence of which structure provides evidence that this organism is capable of locomotion? A. cell wall B. ribosome C. flagellum D. cytoplasm

24. Osmosis, Diffusion, and the Plasma Membrane

25. Diffusion _____________ - movement of molecules Molecules will move from a high _____________ to a low _____________

26. Concentration Gradient An area of high _____________ of molecules next to an area of low _____________ of molecules. Separated by a _____________ _____________ _____________ – lets some substances through, but not others

27. Examples of Diffusion If there is a lot of oxygen outside of a cell (_____________ conc. of O 2 ), O 2 molecules will want to move _____________ the cell (where there is a _____________ conc. of O 2 ). If there is a lot of carbon dioxide inside of a cell (_____________ conc. of CO 2 ), CO 2 molecules will want to move _____________ of the cell (to a _____________ conc. of CO 2 ).

28. Osmosis: Diffusion of Water High Water PotentialLow Water _____________ Large gravitational pull (i.e. top of a hill) Small gravitational pull (i.e. bottom of a hill) High water pressureLow water _____________ Little solute (_____________ ) Lots of solute (_____________ ) Water Moves from High Potential to Low Potential

29. Equilibrium Once two bodies of water on either side of a membrane are at the same water potential, then they are at _____________. Water molecules still move around, but there is no _____________ or _____________ MOVEMENT. Net movement: overall movement. Membrane

30. Tonicity _____________ is the _____________ of _____________ (particles) compared to the amount of water. _____________ - Low solute concentration _____________ - High solute concentration _____________ - Same solute concentration Use these terms when COMPARING two environments.

31. Example “The fluid outside of the cell is _____________ to the fluid inside of the cell.” –Which fluid has a higher solute concentration? _____________ –Would water move into or out of the cell? _____________ the cell

32. Plasmolysis When an animal cell is placed into a _____________ solution, it will shrivel because water will exit the cell. A plant cell in this situation, however, will undergo _____________ – where the _____________ pulls away from the cell wall due to water loss.

34. The Plasma Membrane The arrangement of two layers of _____________ with _____________ heads pointing outward and _____________ tails points inward is called the _____________ _____________ _____________. Proteins are located throughout. Carbohydrates on the outside are used for cell-to-cell recognition.

35. Cell Membrane The _____________ _____________ _____________ of the plasma membrane allows for small molecules to _____________ into and out of the cell. Not easy for _____________ molecules and _____________. Have to move from _____________ concentration to _____________ concentration. _____________ : movement of a solute through a membrane.

36. Carrier Proteins These proteins are found within the _____________ _____________. They help move _____________ and _____________ molecules that cannot diffuse across the membrane. _____________ Diffusion Still have to move WITH the _____________ _____________ (from high concentration to low concentration). Does NOT require _____________.

37. Active Transport When a molecule needs to move from _____________ concentration to _____________ concentration. Goes _____________ the concentration gradient. Does NOT use _____________ Uses _____________. Requires _____________ !

38. Transport Using Vesicles _____________– brings material into a cell by forming inward folds of the cell membrane –_____________ : Liquid Materials –_____________ : Solid Materials _____________ - Materials are placed in a membrane-bound organelle which fuses with the membrane and expels its contents. All of these require _____________.

39. Homeostasis Homeostasis is the ability of a cell to regulate its _____________ _____________ so as to maintain a _____________, constant condition. Most, if not all, cell functions are working toward _____________. Keeping _____________ balanced is an important part of homeostasis.

40. Surface Area to Volume Ratio Surface Area = _____________, Volume = _____________ _____________ cells have _____________ SA to V Ratio –A _____________ amount of materials can enter and exit compared to the cell size –Favors a large _____________ of _____________ between a cell and its environment. _____________ cells have _____________ SA to V Ratio –A _____________ amount of materials can enter and exit compared to the cell size

41. Surface Area to Volume Ratio