1. Scientific Method Metric System Graphing Tools Microscope

2. Scientific Method Scientific method Scientific method: a process by which scientists do experimental research Scientific method Scientific method 6 steps State the problem Forming a hypothesis Experiment Collect and record data Analyze Conclude

3. Step #1: State the problem and Research Question something Act of noting or perceiving objects/events by using the 5 senses 5 senses include: Research – this depends on the experiment Researching the topic(s) is completed in this step

4. Step #2: Form a Hypothesis An educated guess based on prior knowledge Must be able to be tested Format: If….. then…..

5. Variables A factor that changes in an experiment 2 types of variables Independent: the variable that is purposely changed or manipulated by the scientist “What I control” Dependent: the variable that is affected by the IV The variable that is actually being observed/measured The data!

6. Experiments also have… Constants: things that do not change no matter how many trials are conducted Kept constant by the scientist Control: the standard used for comparing experimental effects Allows for a fair experiment “the norm”

7. Variable Practice Examples on board Scenarios worksheet

8. Step #3: Experiment The process of testing a hypothesis by carrying out data-gathering procedures under controlled conditions Must formulate an experimental design – planned procedure to test the hypothesis with a step by step process Must have: Material’s List  Amounts and quantities Procedure  Very detailed

9. Step 4: Collect & Record Data This is the result of your experiment 2 types of data collecting methods Qualitative Describes observations Uses adjectives The flower has pink petals The whale is long The little girl has blue eyes

10. Step 4 – cont. Quantitative Measuring your observations using numbers The flower has seven petals The whale is 72 feet long The little girl has 2 eyes

11. Ways to record data #1 CHART #2 GRAPH #3 TABLE #4 DIAGRAM

12. Data tables Should be at least 1 data table with every experiment: Shows data collected Must have UNITS on all data – otherwise it is invalid and meaningless Repeated trials – why?

13. Step #5: Analyze Data To interpret the results Sum up the experiment Find patterns/trends Use your graphs for this

14. Step #6: Conclusion Support/refute your hypothesis Explain this answer Look for questions for further research Draw conclusions based on results How can we improve this experiment?

15. Definitions you will need Theory: a well tested idea that explains a wide range of observations Can still be proven wrong Law: a statement that describes what is expected to happen under certain sets of conditions Considered a fact Prediction: the stating in advance the expected outcome from testing a hypothesis Inference: a logical explanation for an observation you just made

16. Observation vs. Inference Observation: The grass is wet Inferences: It rained The sprinklers came on There is dew on the grass from the morning A dog urinated on the grass! Observation : The school fire alarm is going off Inferences : The school is on fire We are having a fire drill Some jerk pulled the fire alarm

17. Theories The moon was formed from a planetary collision with Earth Dinosaur extinction Creation of Earth The sun revolves around the Earth The Earth is flat

18. Laws Often defined through mathematics F = ma Law of Gravity Laws of Thermodynamics

19. Practice Complete the scientific method worksheets Scientific Investigation Sheet Scenario’s for homework

20. GRAPHING NOTES

21. Graphing Notes A graph shows data in picture form The graph allows us to make Interpretations Visually see differences Make comparisons Draw conclusions

22. Graphs All graphs must have 5 things Title IV label IV unit DV label DV unit Key/legend TITLE KEY IV Label & Unit DV label & unit IV is placed on the x-axis DV is placed on the y-axis

23. Bar Graph Used to show data that is not continuous Can be used to show categories The effect of coloration on the number of kittens sold at a pet store The effectiveness of different brands of paper towels on the absorption of water.

24. Line Graph Shows continuous data or trends over time Human population of the world Amount of energy used by people daily in Stafford, VA Quantitative data!!!!

25. Graphs

26. Practice making graphs Plan An Investigation Worksheet

27. Tools Magnifying glass Scissors Thermometer Flask Graduated cylinder Beaker Pipette Triple Beam Balance Metric ruler Safety goggles Forceps Petri dish

28. Metric System

29. A decimal system based on a scale of multiples of 10 AKA: International System of Units (SI) When measuring: all measurements must include a UNIT of measurement and a NUMBER stating how many of the units are present Example:  The tree is 30 cm tall. UNIT NUMBER

30. Metric System Types of measurement LENGTH VOLUME MASS/WEIGHT TEMPERATURE TIME

31. Metric System Kilo – Hecto – Deka - S - deci – centi - milli King Henry Died Slowly Drinking Chocolate Milk 1 meter is equal to: 1000 mm 100 cm 10 dm 0.1 Dm 0.01 Hm 0.001Km When moving from smaller to larger move the decimal point to the _______ When moving from larger to smaller move the decimal point to the _______

32. Metric System practice 26.4 m ___________ cm 127. 45 mm ________ cm 45.01 L _______ mL 0.0034 Kg _________ mg 100 Hm ________ m 0.00456 Dg ________ cg 57 g _______ Kg 2,640 12.745 45,010 3,400 10,000 4.56 0.057

33. Length The measurement of how long, wide, or tall something is Basic unit is the meter (m)

34. Mass The amount of matter in an object Basic unit is the gram (g) Will always stay constant

35. Weight The measure of the pull of gravity on an object Increase in gravity = increase in wt. Does not stay constant! 2.2 lb = 1 kg

36. Volume The amount of space an object occupies Liquids = liter (L) Measure in a beaker, grad. cylinder Solids = cm 3 (1ml = 1cm 3 ) (L x W x H) length width depth

37. Temperature Basic unit is degree Celsius Freezing point = 0 o C Boiling point = 100 o C Body temp= 37 o C Room temp = 21 o C CONVERSIONS: o F = ( o C)1.8 + 32 o C = ( o F-32) / 1.8

38. Time The point or period in which something occurs. Basic unit is the second

39. Metric System “Lab” You will only have one day to complete the lab Be diligent and keep working ASK if you do not understand !!!!!

40. The Microscope

41. Microscope 1. Eyepiece 2. Coarse Focus Adjustment 3. Fine Focus Adjustment 4. Revolving Nosepiece 5. High power objective 6. Low power objective 7. Arm 8. Stage 9. Diaphragm 10. Base 11. Body Tube 12. Stage clips/controls Move the slide to the Right and see ____ Move left and see ____

42. Parts of the Microscope 1. EYEPIECE 1. EYEPIECE What you look through Holds the ocular lens Magnification power of 10x AKA Ocular Body tube: the tube that holds the eyepiece lens

43. Parts of the Microscope 2. COARSE FOCUS ADJUSTMENT 2. COARSE FOCUS ADJUSTMENT Always use this first Helps you to find the image The “big” knob 3. FINE FOCUS ADJUSTMENT Always use this second Helps to make the image clear The smaller knob

44. Parts of the Microscope 4. REVOLVING NOSEPIECE Rotates the objective lenses HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE 5. HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE The highest magnification power The longer objective ____x TMP = Eyepiece power X high power objective LOW POWER OBJECTIVE 6. LOW POWER OBJECTIVE The lowest magnification power The shortest objective ____ x TMP of low power = ______

45. Parts of the Microscope Arm 7. Arm Supports all components above the base You must hold this part while carrying 8. Stage 8. Stage Holds the slide in place 9. Diaphragm 9. Diaphragm Adjusts the amount of light shown through the stage hole 10. Base Foundation of the microscope One hand must be on this when carrying it

46. What do you do with a slide, coverslip, and stain?

47. SOL REVIEW QUESTIONS Here are some review questions for this chapter Click on the frog for a review Review #2, 3, and 4

48. Review Please review your notes, review guide, and any journal entries. All is fair game for the test Good luck…. Study and you will do great!