1. ROMAN GAMES AND GLADIATORS MR. MAJEWSKI GRHS GRADE 8

3. Amphitheater = Outdoor Half Arena Gladius = Short sword of a Gladiator Ludis – Training center for Gladiators Lunista = Owner of a school of Gladiators Rudiarius = Wooden sword that indicated a slave was now free Velarium = Shaded roof of the Colosseum Doctore = Trainer of Gladiators – also the head physician Dominus = Title of the owner of slaves Thermopolia = Fast food carts of Rome Beast Master – Trainer of the animals used in the arena

7. A LARGE CHARIOT TRACK LOCATED IN THE VALLEY BETWEEN TWO OF ROME'S SEVEN HILLS. THE SIZE OF THE TRACK WAS 656 FEET WIDE AND 1,969 FEET LONG. IT WAS DEVELOPED IN THE SIXTH CENTURY A.D. WITH STANDS OF WOOD, AND IT COULD HOLD ABOUT 100,000 PEOPLE. EMPERORS TITUS AND TRAJAN REBUILT IT WITH CONCRETE AT THE END OF THE FIRST CENTURY. BY THE FORTH CENTURY A.D., THE STANDS WERE EXPANDED TO HOLD UP TO 350,000 PEOPLE.

8. The first gladiator contest was held in 264 BCE. Gladiators were trained in a school called a Ludis. The owner of a Ludis was a Lunista. Each Lunista would hire a DOCTORE to train the Gladiators.

9. WHO BECAME A GLADIATOR? A. 90% were slaves captured in battle. B. 9% were CONTRACT Gladiators that freely chose to join the ranks. C. 1% were criminals condemned to die anyway.

10. MYTHS ABOUT THE ROMAN GLADIATORS MYTH All bouts ended with the death of a Gladiator Gladiators routinely fought animals in the arena. Gladiators fought everyday. REALITY 90% chance of survival in the arena. It was a rare occurrence as the animals were scared and often refused to attack. Top gladiators fought 2-3 times per year.

11. TYPES OF GLADIATORS 1.Bestiarii: (beast fighters) originally armed with a spear or knife, these gladiators were condemned to fight beasts with a high probability of death. In later times, the Bestiarii were highly trained, specializing in various types of exotic, imported beasts. 2.Dimachaeri: Used two-swords, one in each hand. 3.Equites: Fought on horseback with a spear and gladius, dressed in a full tunic, with a manica (arm-guard).

13. 4. Essedari: Celtic style charioteers. 5. Hoplomachi (heavily armed) or Samnite: Fully armored, and based on Greek hoplites. They wore a helmet with a stylized griffin on the crest, woollen quilted leg wrappings, and shin-guards. They carried a spear iwith a small round shield.

14. TYPES OF GLADIATORS 6. Mirmillones: Wore a helmet with a stylized fish on the crest, as well as an arm guard. They carried a “gladius” and an oblong shield. 7. Retiarii: Carried a trident, a dagger, and a net. 8. Saggitarii: Mounted bowman.

16. 9. Thraces: The Thracian was equipped with a broad-rimmed helmet that enclosed the entire head, a small round or square- shaped shield, and two thigh-length greaves. His weapon was the Thracian curved sword. 10. Velites: Fought on foot, each holding a spear with attached thong in strap for throwing. Named for the early Republican army units of the same name.

17. A DAY AT THE GLADIATOR FIGHTS …. The lunch break was devoted to executions of criminals who had committed particularly heinous crimes—murder, arson, sacrilege Christians, for example, were considered to be guilty of sacrilege and treason, because they refused to participate in rites of the state religion or to acknowledge the divinity of the emperor.

19. Rose Pie – Cow Brains with Rose Petals Spicy Hare on a Stick Peacock Tongue on Toast Quadratus - Bread FOOD AT THE FIGHTS?

20. The greatest of the Gladiators could win their freedom. A wooden sword known as a Rudiarius was required to beheld at all times to guarantee their freedom. Freed gladiators could continue to fight for money, but they often became trainers in the gladiatorial schools or free- lance bodyguards for the wealthy.

21. 1.Spartacus, Crixus, and Batiatus 2.How many died in the Appian Highway Crucifixions

24. WEBSITES http://www.salariya.com/web_books/gladiator/index.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarium http://www.roman-colosseum.info/roman-life/roman-food.htm

31. Across 1. Short sword of a Gladiator 7. Wooden sword that indicated a slave was now free 9. Shaded roof of the Colosseum 10. Outdoor Half Arena Down 2. Owner of a school of Gladiators 3. Fast food carts of Rome 4. Title of the owner of slaves 5. Master Trainer of the animals used in the arena 6. Training center for Gladiators 8. Trainer of Gladiators – also the head physician

32. X N W M M Y H J N X H B U O S L M W G U O V F S S U I M C P G X N R T P U B D Y F R A M A O L D F A O I E Z J Z G V A R P E A C O C K T O N G U E V T A P Q D T O P S T O H J E T A C F L S I L E U A S G L M F C D R W U Z A A R U R A O Y R U L U D I S A T X O R E Q W O S Z I T D T V I O I T M N G M H A J X A C R V U R O C A A E X W P J L C L M M F J U O Z M P G K X G G V O G G L A P D R O I Y S J P L T V Q N J Y P U I Z G B F P Q D G W B L D B Z H 1.ARENA 2.CRIXUS 3.DOCTORE 4.GAUL 5.GLADIATOR 6.GLADIUS 7.HOTSPOT 8.LUDIS 9.PEACOCKTONG UE 10. ROME 11. SPARTACUS 12. VELARIUM

33. Directions: Unscramble each of the clue words. Copy the letters in the numbered cells to other cells with the same number.

34. Directions: Unscramble the tiles to reveal a coded message.