1. RNA & Protein Synthesis
© 2014 Katie Garcia

2. HS-LS1-1 HS.Structure & Function
Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. (Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific proteins structure and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis)
© 2014 Katie Garcia

3. -Proteins are made up of amino acids
Introduction
-Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins
-Proteins are made up of amino acids
there are 20 different types of amino acids that code for proteins made in all organisms
© 2014 Katie Garcia

4. Introduction
genetic messages can be decoded by copying part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA to RNA – so that proteins can be made
the cell uses the DNA “master plan” to prepare RNA “blueprints” so proteins can be made
the DNA stays in the nucleus
© 2014 Katie Garcia

5. Structure of RNA RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid
RNA consists of a long chain of nucleotides like DNA but does not have thymine, instead adenine bonds with uracil
© 2014 Katie Garcia

6. RNA Nucleotide consist of 3 components: 1.) Sugar = Ribose
2.) Phosphate
3.) Nitrogen base
- Adenine (A) Uracil (U)
- Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)
© 2014 Katie Garcia

7. There are 3 main differences between RNA and DNA
sugar in RNA is ribose
RNA is generally single-stranded
RNA contains uracil instead of thymine (no thymine!)
© 2014 Katie Garcia

8. There are 3 Types of RNA 1.) mRNA MESSENGER RNA
carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins
2.) rRNA
-RIBOSOMAL RNA
-ribosomes are made up of proteins
and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
-proteins are built at ribosome
-ribosomes are protein builders
© 2014 Katie Garcia

9. There are 3 Types of RNA 3.) tRNA TRANSFER RNA
during protein construction,
transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers
each amino acid to the
ribosome (which is attached
to mRNA)
© 2014 Katie Garcia

10. Protein Synthesis is Divided into 2 Processes:
Transcription – takes place in nucleus
DNA molecule is used to create a strand of mRNA
An enzyme called RNA polymerase unzips DNA and assembles new RNA nucleotides using one strand of DNA as a template
RNA polymerase binds only to regions of DNA known as promoters, which are signals in DNA that indicate to the enzyme where to bind to make RNA
After mRNA is created, it leaves the nucleus and heads to a ribosome
© 2014 Katie Garcia

11. mRNA is created from a strand of DNA
© 2014 Katie Garcia
mRNA is created from a strand of DNA
Transcription
if you have a smartboard, move the pieces and show students how mRNA is created

12. Protein Synthesis is Divided into 2 Processes:
2. Translation – takes places at a ribosome -During this process, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins at a ribosome -tRNAs transfers amino acids based on the codons that mRNA has -Each tRNA carries a specific anticodon (3 nitrogen bases) and amino acid
© 2014 Katie Garcia

13. Protein Synthesis is Divided into 2 Processes:
-Once a tRNA finds the correct codon (3 nitrogen bases on mRNA) to match its anticodon, it drops off its amino acid with the ribosome -The ribosome connects each amino acid with a peptide bond, and a polypeptide chain starts to grow (which is the protein starting to form) -Once the ribosome hits a stop sequence, it releases the polypeptide (or protein created)
© 2014 Katie Garcia

14. © 2014 Katie Garcia
if you have a smartboard, move the pieces and show your students how proteins
are created
Translation

15. The Genetic Code
The genetic code is the “language” of mRNA instructions
The instructions in the mRNA are written as a codon:
A sequence of 3 bases that code for a particular amino acid
codon
codon
© 2014 Katie Garcia

16. Proteins -the amino acid chart below can be used to code for proteins
© 2014 Katie Garcia

17. codon codon codes for ????????? Glutamine
Methionine or Start
codes for ?????????
Glutamine
© 2014 Katie Garcia

18. codon codon codes for ????????? Glycine codes for ????????? Leucine
© 2014 Katie Garcia