1. The Civil Rights Movement

2. Segregation Civil Rights Act of 1875 act outlawed segregation in public accommodations In 1883, all-white Supreme Court declares Act unconstitutional 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling: separate but equal constitutional Many states pass Jim Crow laws

3. De facto segregation exists by practice, tradition, custom De jure segregation is segregation required by law

4. I. What started it? WWII had been fought against racism abroad—hard to keep harboring it at home Black veterans came home wanting change

5. II. The Truman Years Desegregation of the military (1948) Jackie Robinson’s breakthrough (1947)

6. III. The Eisenhower Years First Civil Rights Acts passed since the Civil War Little Rock Central High School (1957)

7. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954 –Supreme Court unanimously strikes down school segregation Within 1 year, over 500 school districts desegregate

8. The arrest of Rosa Parks, 1955 – Leads to bus boycott

9. V. A Movement Takes Shape

10. Violence and progress Martin Luther King, Jr. and the March on Washington (August, 1963) -- “I Have a Dream”

11. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!

12. VI. The Kennedy and Johnson Years James Meredith, 1962 University of Mississippi

13. Civil Rights Act of 1964 24th Amendment, 1964 Voting Rights Act (1965)

14. VII. Race Riots Watts Riots in Los Angeles (Summer, 1965) Riots each summer from 1965-1969 --Chicago and Cleveland (1966) --Newark and Detroit (1967) --Washington, D.C. (1968)

15. VIII. “Black Power” Growing tension. --Stokely Carmichael “Black Power”

16. The formation of the Black Panther Party in CA (1966)

17. The leadership of Malcolm X --Black Muslims --Assassinated in 1965 Cultural expressions of “Black Power”: --Afro Hairstyles --Black-studies programs -- “Negro” no longer used --1968 Olympics

18. King’s Death April 4, 1968 Reactions to King’s Death King’s death leads to worst urban rioting in U.S. history - over 100 cities affected Robert Kennedy assassinated two months later

19. IX. Decline of the Civil Rights Movement Economic contraction works against Civil Rights concessions Northern phase not as successful Resistance from White Unions Vietnam replaces Civil Rights as the liberal crusade Martin Luther King, Jr. loses influence with LBJ