1. By summer 1934 Hitler’s position was very secure. Why was this? All other parties had been banned. The “threat” from the SA had been ended. The army had sworn loyalty. Hindenburg was dead… … but it could have been very different… In the July 1932 elections the Nazis won 230 seats… But in the next election in Nov 1932 they only won 196… Walsh says: “Hitler regarded the Nov 1932 election as a disaster. The Nazis lost 2m votes… The Nazis started to run out of money. Hitler is said to have threatened suicide.”

2. Use CONTENT (what you see) and CONTEXT (what you know). Explain how source IS useful but also WHAT ITS LIMITS ARE (what it doesn’t tell us). Then give your overall view. No source is absolutely useless!! e.g. propaganda sources still tell us how Nazis tried to brainwash people. A large crowd listening to Hitler in 1932. How useful in this source in explaining Hitler’s rise to power? Use the source and your own knowledge to explain your answer. 7 mark source Q

3. Use of CONTENT Useful or Not/Less Useful [1-3] Useful – big crowd giving Hitler salute; suggests strength of Nazi support Or Not/Less Useful – don’t know what they’re thinking; can’t see their faces Use of CONTENT Useful AND Not/Less Useful [4-5] Use of CONTENT Useful AND Not/Less Useful & CONTEXT Useful AND Not/Less Useful [5-6] Context – Useful: we know Hitler was a powerful speaker; lots of people attended his rallies; Nuremburg rallies etc. Context – Not/Less Useful: there were many reasons why Hitler rose to power, not just his speaking ability – e.g. use of fear; luck; weakness of opposition CONTENT Useful AND Not/Less Useful + CONTEXT Useful AND Not/Less Useful + CONCLUSION = 7/7 “Overall this source is useful in understanding one of the reasons why Hitler rose to power: his ability as a speaker. But it doesn’t tell us the whole picture.

4. British cartoon by David Low, 1934 They salute with both hands, now!

5. How did the Nazis keep control? LO: to describe: (i) How the police state was organised (ii) How the Nazis kept control of ordinary Germans

6. Method of Control: the SS Methods: violence; fear; fierce loyalty to Hitler Who in charge: Heinrich Himmler Duties: destroy opposition to Nazism; carry out racial policies (during WWII – Holocaust/ concentration camps) How it helped Hitler: It ran a number of organisations that kept the Nazis in power and the people under control

7. Method of control: the Gestapo Methods: fear Who in charge: Reinhard Heydrich (and Himmler was in charge of him) Duties: arrest citizens and send them to concentration camps without trial; encourage people to inform on each other (v. effective: in Dusseldorf only 280 Gestapo officers to control 4m people) How it helped Hitler: people were terrified of being arrested – lived in permanent fear and uncertainty – afraid to oppose the Nazis

8. Method of control: police and law courts Methods: applied and administered law to suit Nazi party Who in charge: Heinrich Himmler Duties: police kept law and order but also looked out for political crimes / judges had to swear an oath of loyalty to the Nazis and gave unfair trials to Nazi opponents How it helped Hitler: He could rely on judges giving the ‘right’ verdict

9. Method of control: concentration camps Methods: imprison/kill opponents Who in charge: SS Death Head Units (therefore Himmler) Duties: Started as labour camps for enemies of the state / poor conditions often led to death / kept Jews, Socialists, Communists/trade unionists, churchmen locked up How it helped Hitler: made would-be opponents too frightened to speak out

10. Scenario 1 You are a group of SPD voters. You voted SPD in the 1928,1930 and both of the 1932 elections. It is April 1933, the Enabling Act has been passed and the first concentration camp has been set up. Will you: a) leave the SPD and warn others how they should behave for their own safety b) leave the SPD and keep quiet c) stay in the SPD and hope things improve d) stay in the SPD and protest openly

11. Scenario 2 It is 14 July 1933 and Hitler has banned all parties except the Nazis. Will you: a) leave the SPD and keep quiet b) leave the SPD and warn others how they must behave c) stay in the SPD and protest openly d) stay in the SPD and join the underground resistance, encouraging others to strike etc

12. Scenario 3 It is 1934. The Nazis have got rid of their enemies through the Night of the Long Knives; Hitler is Fuhrer; the army has sworn an oath of loyalty; people disappear every day to concentration camps. a) leave the SPD and keep quiet b) leave the SPD and warn others how they must behave c) stay in the SPD and protest openly d) stay in the SPD and join the underground resistance, encouraging others to strike etc.

13. Starter: read the handout I gave you last lesson on life under the Nazis in a German town 6 mins: make 2 spider diagrams or lists… 1) Nazi methods of control 2) how ordinary people helped the Nazis

14. Video resources http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gr73M5 oF6ME (5 mins; Nazi police state)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gr73M5 oF6ME