1. Knowledge Structure Mapping and NEC Development Richard Ellis Stratum Management Ltd

2. KSM and NEC - Overview NEC way ahead - from Systems to Knowledge Grappling with Knowledge Knowledge Structure Mapping Potential applications of KSM in Defence

3. A Brief Digression Data Management v Information Management v Knowledge Management

4. Data: a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn Information: knowledge acquired through study or experience or instruction Information: Data that has been processed in such a way that it can increase the knowledge of the person who receives it. Information: the result of processing, manipulating and organizing data in a way that adds to the knowledge of the person receiving it. Knowledge is the awareness and understanding of facts, truths or information gained in the form of experience or learning. Knowledge: the fact of knowing, acquaintance, familiarity gained by experience, intellectual acquaintance with or perception of, fact or truth, understanding, a mental apprehension, perception, intuition, or other cognition Information is measured as the decrease in uncertainty of a receiver or molecular machine in going from the before state to the after state. (Claude Shannon, A Mathematical Theory of Communication) Data: factual information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation Information management is the handling of knowledge acquired by one or many disparate sources Knowledge Management: the collection, organization, analysis, and sharing of information held by workers and groups within an organization. Knowledge management: the organization, creation, sharing and flow of knowledge within organizations.

5. Data: a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn Information: knowledge acquired through study or experience or instruction Information: Data that has been processed in such a way that it can increase the knowledge of the person who receives it. Information: the result of processing, manipulating and organizing data in a way that adds to the knowledge of the person receiving it. Knowledge is the awareness and understanding of facts, truths or information gained in the form of experience or learning. Knowledge: the fact of knowing, acquaintance, familiarity gained by experience, intellectual acquaintance with or perception of, fact or truth, understanding, a mental apprehension, perception, intuition, or other cognition Information is measured as the decrease in uncertainty of a receiver or molecular machine in going from the before state to the after state. (Claude Shannon, A Mathematical Theory of Communication) Data: factual information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation Information management is the handling of knowledge acquired by one or many disparate sources Knowledge Management: the collection, organization, analysis, and sharing of information held by workers and groups within an organization. Knowledge management: the organization, creation, sharing and flow of knowledge within organizations. KSM focuses on the Human Knowledge held or needed in an organisation

6. End of Digression

7. KSM and NEC NEC way ahead - from Systems to Knowledge Grappling with Knowledge Knowledge Structure Mapping Potential applications of KSM in Defence

8. The future of NEC Current focus is connectivity and systems Enables Information Management The next step will be ensuring we have the right knowledge and skills in the right place to use the information

9. NEC Themes Effects Synchronization Agile Mission Groups Dynamic Collaborative Interworking Shared Understanding Full Information Accessibility Resilient Information Infrastructure Equipment Knowledge Information Inclusive Flexible Acquisition

10. New Knowledge Challenges "Nothing endures but change." Heraclitus (540 BC - 480 BC)

11. New Knowledge Challenges The NEC Era will bring many new challenges –New tasks and missions –New ways of working –New allies What knowledge will a Commander and his staff need to meet these challenges? How will this knowledge be made available to him?

12. KSM and NEC NEC way ahead - from Systems to Knowledge Grappling with Knowledge Knowledge Structure Mapping Potential applications of KSM in Defence

13. Grappling with Knowledge Human Knowledge can be a difficult concept to work with. But knowledge has a structure, with some knowledge elements supported by others. Knowledge structure is a natural concept, and provides an accessible mechanism for discussing and analysing knowledge.

14. Simple Knowledge Structure Example Making Tea Knowing how to Make Tea Knowing how to Boil Water Knowing how to Select Tea

15. Simple Knowledge Structure Example Knowing how to Make Tea Knowing how to Boil Water Knowing how to Select Tea Knowing how to Make Coffee Knowing how to Use a kettle Knowing how to Use a tap

16. Knowledge Structure - Interviewing Knowing how to Interview people effectively Knowing Interview theory Knowing how to Organise an interview Knowing how to Define interview objectives Knowing how to Explore a topic of discussion Knowing how to Record information

17. Using Knowledge Structure Understanding the structure of knowledge in a particular area of the business –provides a common frame of reference for discussion –provides structural information about the knowledge that relates directly to the way the knowledge can be developed and utilised. –supports management decision making.

18. KSM and NEC NEC way ahead - from Systems to Knowledge Grappling with Knowledge Knowledge Structure Mapping Potential applications of KSM in Defence

19. Knowledge Structure Mapping - Overview Method and toolset designed to explore the structure of knowledge in a chosen domain or application. Developed and matured by Applied Knowledge Research Institute over the last ten years. Based on academic research into expert knowledge acquisition. Designed to answer practical questions about an organisation’s knowledge resource

20. KSM Applications Used internally by Rolls-Royce plc (called Structural Knowledge Auditing by Rolls-Royce) Used in other large and small businesses such as BAE Systems, Promethean, Pendle Borough Council etc. Applied knowledge areas as diverse as: –Procurement –Continuous Improvement –Super Plastic Forming and Diffusion Bonding –Off-Licence Retail etc.

21. KSM - A typical Knowledge Study Carried out by two fully trained analysts. Involves work with a business team of between 4 and 16 people. Delivers results in 3 to 4 weeks. Provides: –A visualisation of the knowledge area –Expert opinion concerning the knowledge that is used, along with knowledge structural information. –Observation and conclusions concerning the business use of the knowledge resource –Additional learning support information to supplement staff development and knowledge resource growth. Larger projects may be delivered in 3-4 week modules ensuring that business managers remain in control of full project development.

22. KSM Example…. Continuous Improvement In the Advanced Manufacturing Cell For Eurofighter Typhoon

23. KSM Study - Continuous Improvement Study undertaken with BAE Systems: What you need to know in order to understand continuous improvement (CI) in the Advanced Manufacturing Technology Cell (AMT)

33. ImportanceDifficultyStudy-ExpKnown By

34. Analysing the Map and Data Map Structure analysis Parameter Value analysis Expert Comment analysis Combined analysis

35. Knowledge at Highest Risk

36. Top 10% Highest Risk Knowledge

37. Colour Coded Risk. Red High – Blue Low

38. Knowledge Risk Profile

39. Largest Prerequisite Structure

40. Prerequisite Knowledge Structure for ‘CI Process’

41. Post-requisite Knowledge Structure for ‘Process Schedule’

42. Automatic Report Generation The knowledge structure map for CI in AMT cell contains 84 nodes and 107 arcs. The map addresses the issue of:- What you know in order to understand continuous improvement (CI) in the Advanced Manufacturing Technology Cell (AMT) A complexity value of 1.27 for this map is typical of Knowledge structure maps. There are 14 significant overlapping structures and the most significant of these is the overlap between CI Process and Identify areas for improvement. Other significant overlapping structures include Design Improvements and Identify areas for improvement, CI Process and Design Improvements, CI data analysis and Identify areas for improvement. The integrated nature of this knowledge resource suggests that initiatives to help more people achieve a greater understanding of more of the knowledge area would be effective and rewarding.

43. Options for Action Eight Options for Action were provided resulting from the analysis. Covering issues that included: –Knowledge Sharing –Maintenance of Motivation - gadgets –The effectiveness of the current scheme –Observation –Improvement Metrics In addition a new Process was suggested

44. Data Export and Sharing The KSM Toolkit provides a range of formatted reports, suitable for importing into other applications. xml export is provided, and used in Corax, a web enabled knowledge browser.

47. KSM - Summary Allows managers to visualise the knowledge resource in a chosen domain or application. Provides a common and accessible framework for discussion about the knowledge resource. Offers automated analysis and information sharing tools. Supports managers in making decisions about the knowledge resource.

48. KSM and NEC NEC way ahead - from Systems to Knowledge Grappling with Knowledge Knowledge Structure Mapping Potential applications of KSM in Defence

49. Application in the military domain HQ Structures Deployment planning Training for a new capability Long term recruitment and development Acquisition

50. KSM and NEC Knowledge will be a key to NEC. We need a method of grappling with knowledge and its structure. KSM is one method that can provide an essential insight into the knowledge needs of the future.

51. Knowledge Structure Mapping and NEC Development Questions Richard Ellis (richard.ellis@stratum-management.co.uk) John Gordon (john@akri.co.uk) We need to know what we need to know.