1. Notes on Photosynthesis

2. Standard:
SB3 – Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems.

3. What is Metabolism?
Metabolism - All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism.
There are 2 types of metabolic reactions:
1. Catabolic
2. Anabolic

4. Catabolic - releases energy by breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules.

5. Example of Catabolic Reaction:
Cellular Respiration - Catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP
Glucose
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Energy

6. Ever hear about “Anabolic Steroids” in the news?
Anabolic - uses energy released by catabolic pathways to build larger molecules from smaller molecules
Ever hear about “Anabolic Steroids” in the news?
Building up

7. Example of Anabolic Reaction:
Photosynthesis - two-phase anabolic pathway in which the sun’s light energy is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell.
CO2 + H2O  C6H12O O2
Carbon Dioxide
Sun Light
Water
Glucose
Oxygen

8. What is Metabolism?
The relationship of anabolic and catabolic pathways results in the continual flow of energy within organisms.

9. Energy and Life:
All living organisms require energy

10. Living organisms are divided into 2 groups according to the way they get food:
1. autotrophs
auto = self
troph = feeder

11. a. Photosynthesis – green plants and algae

12. b. Chemosynthesis – uses energy from inorganic chemical reactions
ex. some bacteria

13. 2. heterotrophs
hetero = other
troph = feeder
animals either herbivores or carnivores

14. fungi (non-green; plant-like)

15. parasites – lives off host

16. saprophytes – lives on dead or nonliving organic matter

17. most bacteria

18. Energy Transfer Compounds:
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) – main chemical compound that living things use to store energy

19. Why is ATP needed?
1. Light enters too rapidly for the cell to store it all in glucose
2. Energy is released in respiration too rapidly to be used

20. ATP is made up of a nitrogen-containing compound called adenine, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and 3 phosphate groups
Adenine
Phosphate groups
Ribose

21. adenine – ribose – P ≈ P ≈ P
≈ high energy bond
adenine – ribose – P ≈ P ≈ P
nitrogen base
5-carbon sugar
phosphate groups

22. ATP Structure ATP = Adenosine TriPhosphate Adenine Ribose
3 Phosphate groups
High Energy Bonds
Adenosine

23. ATP
ADP – adenosine diphosphate
AMP – adenosine monophosphate

24. Energy stored in ATP is released when ATP is converted into ADP + a phosphate group

25. ATP-ADP Cycle ADP ATP Partially charged battery Fully charged battery
Energy
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate + phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate
Partially
charged
battery
Fully
charged
battery

26. ATP is holding the ENERGY in the last phosphate….
Pop off the last one!
When the last phosphate is POPPED off, it releases energy for the cell to use… & turns into ADP

27. ATP Cycle ATP ADP photosynthesis nerve conduction respiration
A-P≈P≈P
photosynthesis
nerve conduction
respiration
active transport
ADP
A-P≈P

28. Most cells only have enough ATP to last for a short-lived activity
ATP can not be stored for long periods of time
Whenever a cell needs energy it can change ADP and glucose to ATP

29. Where does ATP come from?
Mitochondria (in plants & animals) break down food (glucose) to make ATP (ENERGY).
An animal (consumer) must EAT a plant to get the food (glucose).
Where does the food (glucose) come from?
Photosynthesis in plants

30. ATP & ADP Video

31. PLANTS BY PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Energy Flow Chart
active transport
light energy
Muscle contraction
ALL OF LIFE’s PROCESSES!!!
DNA synthesis
Protein synthesis
Cell division
In the bonds of ATP
PLANTS BY PHOTOSYNTHESIS
chemical
energy
chemical
energy
chemical energy
chemical
energy
chemical
energy
chemical
energy
In the bonds of GLUCOSE
chemical
energy
chemical
energy
chemical
energy
chemical
energy
ALL ORGANISMS
BY CELL RESPIRATION
chemical
energy

32. Brief Photosynthesis Video

33. Photosynthesis
photo = light
synthesis = put together (make complex from simple)
Click image for video

34. Photosynthesis – the process by which green plants combine CO2 and H2O in the presence of chlorophyll and light energy to form glucose and release O2

35. Equation for photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
reactants
products

36. Raw materials – CO2 and H2O
(both are inorganic)
Product – glucose, which is organic

37. Photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll
Light (radiant) energy is changed to the chemical bond (stored) energy of glucose

38. The light energy transferred to the electrons in the chlorophyll molecule raises the energy level of the electrons providing the energy for photosynthesis to begin
Chlorophyll acts as a catalyst

39. Photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplasts

40. contain chlorophyll
have a double layer of phospholipids and proteins

41. chloroplasts contain saclike photosynthetic membrane called thylakoids

42. thylakoids are arranged in stacks called grana

43. solution inside chloroplast called stroma

44. Photosynthesis is broken down into 2 stages:
1. Light-dependent reactions – take place in thylakoid membrane
2. Calvin Cycle – uses ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions to produce high energy sugars (glucose)

46. Summary of light-dependent reaction:
a. Chlorophyll traps energy Kinetic (light) – stored as potential (chemical)
b. Water splits  2H+ + O-2

47. c. ADP to ATP (stores energy)
d. O2 is released

49. V B G Y O R Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b

50. Summary of Calvin Cycle:
a. Does not require light
b. “Fixing of a carbon in a carbohydrate”

51. Photosynthesis: An Overview
Water
CO2
Light
Chloroplast
NADP+
ADP + P
Calvin
Cycle
Light-
Dependent
Reactions
ATP
NADPH
Sugars O2

52. Factors affecting photosynthesis
1. shortage of water
2. temperature (0º to 35º C)
3. intensity of light

53. 6H2O + 6CO2 → 6O2 + C6H12O6 Photosynthesis Concept Map
Write the complete chemical reaction here… reactants and products
6H2O + 6CO2 → 6O2 + C6H12O6
Photosynthesis
Includes two stages
Light-
dependent
reactions
Calvin cycle
takes place in
uses
use
take place in
Energy from
Sunlight, H2O
Thylakoid
membranes
Stroma
ATP
NADPH
to produce of
to produce
High-energy
sugar
ATP
NADPH O2
Chloroplasts
goes into the atmosphere!
goes into plant roots, for ex.
NOTICE THIS…

54. Detailed Photosynthesis Video

55. Click here for corny music video
Respiration
Cellular Respiration – chemical energy from glucose and other food is released in a chemical pathway to control the speed and amount
includes all the chemical reactions in which energy is released in support of cell life
Click here for corny music video

56. Where does the energy come from?
the sun
(stored in the chemical bonds of glucose)
photosynthesis is energy storing
respiration is energy releasing

57. Equation for Respiration:
respiratory
C6H12O6 + 6O CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
enzymes
Respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis
Respiration occurs in the mitochondrion

58. There are 2 main stages of Cellular Respiration:
1. Glycolysis – (anaerobic) occurs in the cytoplasm

60. glycolysis produces 2 ATPs/glucose

61. 2. Aerobic – (Krebs cycle and electron transport chain) occurs in mitochondrion

62. for every turn of the Krebs cycle 1 ATP is generated
Click here for a Khanacademy review from youtube, 18 minutes

63. Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Electrons carried in NADH
Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2
Pyruvic acid
Glucose
Electron Transport Chain
Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm 2 2 34

64. Krebs, Electron Transport Chain pyruvic acid, electrons
Cell Respiration Concept Map
Concept Map
6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6H2O + 6CO2
Write the complete chemical reaction here… reactants and products
Cell Respiration
includes
Krebs, Electron Transport Chain
glycolysis
takes place in
uses
uses
take place in
Membranes (cristae)
pyruvic acid, electrons
glucose
Cytoplasm
oxygen
to produce of
to produce
36 ATP! (total)
pyruvic acid
electrons
2 ATP
Mitochondrion
Carbon dioxide, water
goes into atmosphere
NOTICE THIS…

65. If after glycolysis, oxygen is still absent – fermentation results (anaerobic respiration)
2 forms of fermentation:
1. Lactic acid – occurs in animal cells (bacteria)
accumulates in tissues – muscles, results in fatigue

66. Examples – yogurt, buttermilk, sauerkraut, dill pickles
2. Alcohol – occurs in plants such as yeast
end product – ethyl alcohol

67. Examples – brewing and baking
In both forms of fermentation, the energy of glucose remains in the products: lactic acid and alcohol

68. Chemical Pathways for Cell Respiration
Glucose
With oxygen
Krebs cycle
Electron transport
Glycolysis
Without oxygen
=reactants
= products
Alcoholic or lactic acid
Fermentation
Which pathway makes more ATP—with oxygen or without?
Why would a cell have the other option, then?

69. ATP yield:
Glycolysis - 2
Krebs cycle - 2
Electron transport - 34
_____________________
Total = 38

70. ATP stored energy is used to:
1. Build starches, fats and oils, nucleic acids, and proteins
2. Supports cell activities:
a. active transport
b. cell division
c. nerve transmission

71. d. biosynthesis (assimilation and photosynthesis)
e. muscle contraction
f. bioluminescence

73. 4.
3. (structure)
2. (structure) 5. 6. 7. 8. 1.

74. Photosynthesis: An Overview
NADP+
ADP + P
Calvin
Cycle
Light-
Dependent
Reactions
ATP
NADPH

75. Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Electrons carried in NADH
Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2
Pyruvic acid
Krebs Cycle
Go to Section:

76. ATP
ATP Structure
ATP =

77. Chemical Pathways for Cell Respiration
Alcoholic or lactic acid

78. Photosynthesis Concept Map
includes
takes place in
uses
use
take place in
to produce of
to produce

79. Cell Respiration Concept Map
Section 8-3
Cell Respiration
includes
takes place in
uses
uses
take place in
to produce of
to produce
goes into atmosphere