1. GE6533 – LLS Instruction Typology of LLS

2. Put Your Thinking Cap What are the main classification of LLS discussed in the previous lecture ?

3. O’Malley & Chamot (1990) A. Metacognitive Strategies B. Cognitive Strategies C. Social/affective Strategies

4. A. Metacognitive Strategies 1. Planning 2. Monitoring 3. Evaluation

5. 1. Planning Advance Organizers -Previewing the main ideas & concepts oft the material to be learned, often by skimming the text for the organizing principle.

6. 1. Planning Directed Attention -Deciding in advance to attend in general to a learning task & to ignore irrelevant distractors.

7. 1. Planning Functional Planning -Planning for & rehearsing linguistic components necessary to carry out an upcoming language task.

8. 1. Planning Selective Attention -Deciding in advance to attend to specific aspects of input, often by scanning for key words, concepts, and/or linguistic markers.

9. 1. Planning Self Management -Understanding the conditions that help one learn & arranging for the presence of those conditions.

10. 2. Monitoring Self Monitoring -Checking one’s comprehension during listening or reading or checking the accuracy and/or appropriateness of one’s oral or written production while it is taking place.

11. 3. Evaluation Self Evaluation -Checking the outcomes of one’s own language learning against a standard after it has been completed.

12. B. Cognitive Strategies Resourcing -Using target language reference materials such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, or textbooks.

13. B. Cognitive Strategies Repetition -Imitating a language model, including overt practice & silent rehearsal.

14. B. Cognitive Strategies Grouping -Classifying words, terminology, or concepts according to their attributes or meaning.

15. B. Cognitive Strategies Deduction -Applying rules to understand or produce the second language or making up rules based on language analysis.

16. B. Cognitive Strategies Imagery -Using visual images (either mental or actual) to understand or remember new information.

17. B. Cognitive Strategies Auditory Representation -Planning back in one’s mind the sound of a word, phrase, or longer language sequence.

18. B. Cognitive Strategies Keyword Method -Remembering a new word in the second language by 1) identifying a familiar word in the L1 that sounds like the new words.

19. B. Cognitive Strategies Keyword Method -Remembering a new word in the second language by 2) generating easily recalled images of some relationship with the first language homonym & the new word in the second language.

20. B. Cognitive Strategies Elaboration -Relating new information to prior knowledge, relating different parts of new information to each other, or making meaningful personal associations with the new information.

21. B. Cognitive Strategies Transfer -Using previous linguistic knowledge or prior skills to assist comprehension or production.

22. B. Cognitive Strategies Inferencing -Using available information to guess meanings of new items, predict outcomes, or fill in missing information.

23. B. Cognitive Strategies Note Taking -Writing down key words or concepts in abbreviated verbal, graphic, or numerical form while listening or reading.

24. B. Cognitive Strategies Summarizing -Making a mental, oral, or written summary of new information gained through listening or reading.

25. B. Cognitive Strategies Recombination -Constructing a meaningful sentence or larger language sequence by combining known elements in a new way.

26. B. Cognitive Strategies Translation -Using the first language as a base for understanding and/or producing the second language.

27. C. Social Strategies Questions for Clarification -Eliciting from a teacher or peer additional explanations, rephrasing, examples, or verification.

28. C. Social Strategies Cooperation -Working together with one or more peers to solve a problem, pool information, check a learning task, model a language activity, or get feedback on oral or written performance.