1. Lesson 15.1 Reproduction and Development of the Human Reproductive Systems Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

2. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. chromosomes –made of DNA, contain genes Genes code for proteins – which code for traits asexual reproduction –offspring are a clone of parent Identical twins are clones of each other sexual reproduction –a gamete (sex cell) from each parent combine to make a zygote (fertilized egg) (results in genetically unique individual) Gamete: egg & sperm Reproduction

3. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Mitosis versus Meiosis

4. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. mitosis –one cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells –Needed for growth, repair & replacement of cells homologous chromosomes (each pair has one from mom & one from dad) –chromosomes duplicate in interphase –stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase result –two cells, each with 46 chromosomes identical to the mother cell Mitosis versus Meiosis

5. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. chromosome number –diploid – two copies of each chromosome 2 sets of chromosomes (2N = 2 sets) –haploid – one version of each chromosome 1 set of chromosomes (N = 1 set) normal body cells (somatic cells) are diploid gametes are haploid Mitosis versus Meiosis

6. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. meiosis –produces gametes, or haploid cells –stages meiosis I – homologous chromosomes separate –Prophase I – crossing over = increases genetic variation meiosis II – sister chromatids separate result –four haploid cells (gametes) with 23 chromosomes each Mitosis versus Meiosis

7. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. if SRY gene is present –7th week of development male sex organs begin development if SRY gene is not present –8th week of development female sex organs begin development SRY = sex-determining region Y (on Y chromosome) –XY = male XX = female Embryonic and Fetal Development

8. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Puberty is the final maturation of the reproductive system development of secondary sexual characteristics –Female secondary sex characteristics: Breast growth Growth of axillary & pubic hair Gradual widening of pelvis & size of pelvic outlet Skeletal growth accelerates Menarche (first menstrual cycle) –Ovulation is irregular for first couple of years –Puberty ends with epiphyseal plates in long bones close »Height growth stops Puberty

9. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. –Male secondary sex characteristics: Growth of scrotum & testes Larynx size increases & lengthens causing deeper voice Growth of axillary & pubic hair Penis size increases proportional to body size In early puberty – nocturnal emission By puberty end – mature sperm are present in sperm Epiphyseal plates close & bone length stops Puberty

10. Lesson 15.2 Male Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

11. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Male Reproductive Anatomy Interactive in Website 5.2

12. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. scrotum and testes –sperm produced in testes (male gonad) –sperm (male gamete) mature in epididymis –Sperm needs 3ºC cooler to produce sperm penis –delivers sperm to female –contains erectile tissue Male Reproductive Anatomy

13. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. ducts of the male reproductive system –ductus deferens –ejaculatory duct accessory glands and semen –seminal glands (seminal vesicles) Produces 70% of seminal fluid –Contains fructose for energy –prostate gland –Slightly alkaline to fight vagina’s acidity –Affects sperm’s motility –bulbourethral glands Fluid serves to lubricate the penis end Male Reproductive Anatomy

14. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. sperm formation –Spermatogenesis Occurs in walls of seminiferous tubules –begins at puberty sexual response –Erection Permits penis to gain entry into female vagina –Ejaculation The discharge of sperm from the ejaculatory duct Male Reproductive Physiology

15. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. OogenesisSpermatogenesis

16. Lesson 15.3 Female Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

17. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Female Reproductive System Anatomy Interactive in Website 5.3

18. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the ovaries (female gonad) Ovary is full of follicles – not ducts like the testes –Each follicle contains an oocyte Oocyte (ova) –egg cell (female gamete) –ovulation release of egg from the ovary One egg (along with support cells) is released each month Female Reproductive System Anatomy

19. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Duct system is a more open ended design –Ovaries are not connected directly to the end of the fallopian tube Ducts of the female reproductive system –uterine (fallopian) tubes connect ovary to uterus Uterus – womb –endometrium –cervix Female Reproductive System Anatomy

20. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. vagina –birth canal external genitalia –labia – majora and minora –clitoris mammary glands –lactation Female Reproductive System Anatomy

21. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. oocyte production process begins before birth primary oocyte secondary oocyte (if fertilized will become the egg) polar bodies Oogenesis

22. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. OogenesisSpermatogenesis

23. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. also known as the menstrual cycle ovarian cycle –maturation and release of oocyte the uterine cycle –uterus readies for implantation The Female Sexual Cycle

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26. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the follicular phase –dominant primary follicle –pituitary gland releases FSH and LH –ovulation the luteal phase –corpus luteum The Ovarian Cycle Interactive in Website 5.3

27. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the menstrual phase –endometrium breaks down and sheds the proliferative phase –endometrium grows back the secretory phase –endometrium prepares to nourish embryo The Uterine Cycle

28. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. stimulation –tactile –psychological orgasm Female Sexual Response

29. Lesson 15.4 Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

30. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the journey of the sperm –vagina, uterus, uterine tube –Capacitation (sperm becomes capable of penetrating & fertilizing the egg) takes up to 10 hours sperm penetration –zona pellucida A clear, extracellular glycoprotein coat surrounding the secondary follicle & oocyte as it grows –acrosomal enzymes A bundle of enzymes on the sperm’s head that allow the sperm to penetrate the egg as it digests the glycoproteins surrounding the oocyte Fertilization of the Oocyte

31. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. protection against polyspermy –only one sperm is required for fertilization –more than one sperm causes death of oocyte –chemistry of the zona pellucida changes after sperm entry completion of meiosis and fertilization –sperm entry causes completion of meiosis Fertilization of the Oocyte Nejron Photo/Shutterstock.com

32. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. lasts approximately 265 days from fertilization to implantation development of the placenta, embryo, and fetus Pregnancy

33. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. cell stages –zygote –morula –blastocyst implantation –blastocyst binds to endometrium From Fertilization to Implantation

34. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. From Fertilization to Implantation

35. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. embryo –after implantation to 8 weeks placenta –organ that supplies nutrients to embryo and fetus fetus –after 8 weeks of development Development of Placenta, Embryo, and Fetus Interactive in Website 5.4

36. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Development © Co., Inc.

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39. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. parturition –birth Oxytocin –Positive feedback stages of labor –dilation –expulsion –delivery of placenta Childbirth

40. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. production of breast milk activation of milk- producing cells –prolactin delivery of milk through ducts to the nipple –oxytocin Lactation

41. Lesson 15.5 Disorders and Diseases of the Reproductive System Chapter 15: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

42. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. male infertility –low sperm count –erectile dysfunction female infertility –failure to ovulate –inability of egg to reach uterine tube –lack of implantation Infertility

43. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. treatment for infertility –lifestyle changes –drugs to induce ovulation –surgery to correct anatomical issues in vitro fertilization –oocyte and sperm combined outside mother’s body Infertility

44. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. viral –HIV and AIDS –genital herpes –human papillomavirus Sexually Transmitted Diseases

45. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. bacterial –Gonorrhea –Chlamydia –pelvic inflammatory disease Sexually Transmitted Diseases

46. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. detection and prevention –symptoms genital discharge, sores, rash, burning during urination, and growths –prevention condom, abstinence Sexually Transmitted Diseases

47. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. prostate cancer –PSA test cancers of the female reproductive tract –uterine cancer –ovarian cancer –cervical cancer –breast cancer Cancers of the Reproductive System