1. Ancient Greece
2000 BC to 449 BC

2. Location of Greece Greek Peninsula in Europe and on Asia Minor
On the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas

3. Greek Geography Can you find….. Troy Athens Sparta Macedonia
Aegean Sea
Black Sea
Med. Sea

4. Greek Geography Mountainous Terrain Little Fertile Land
City states had independent governments but shared the same language, religion and culture.

5. City- States Mountainous Terrain
led to the formation of independent city-states
Greeks developed a distinct culture because of geography
City states had independent governments but shared the same language, religion and culture.
Greek Mountain Ride

6. The Greek City State Polis- city and its surrounding countryside
Acropolis – high city with temples to the gods
Model of Athens

7. Rebuilt Greek Marketplace (Agora)
The Greek Polis
Greek cities were designed to promote civic and commercial life
Involvement in government and community
Successful markets and trade
Rebuilt Greek Marketplace (Agora)

8. Greek Trade
dependent on trade for grain due to limited arable (farmable) land
Trade spread Greek culture
Greece became prosperous because of what? Why was Greece dependent on trade?

9. Greek Money
Increased trade led to a switch from barter to a money economy
What did increased trade lead to?

10. Greek Colonies
Greeks set up colonies around the Mediterranean due to overpopulation and the search for arable (farmable) land.
Why did Greece set up colonies?

11. Greek Mythology Polytheistic Religion
Explained natural phenomena, life events and human qualities

12. Greek Gods and Goddesses
Serve as symbols in and images in Western literature, art, monumental architecture, and politics
Where have you seen them before????

13. Greek Mythology Family Tree

14. Zeus and Hera Chief God God of Thunder Wife of Zeus
Goddess of Marriage

15. Apollo and Artemis Twins God of the sun, light, logic, and music
Goddess of the moon, hunting, and wild things

16. Goddess of War and Wisdom
Athena and Aphrodite
Goddess of Love
Goddess of War and Wisdom
Greek Gods
& Greek Goddesses

17. Trojan War Fought over control over the Dardanelles
Dardanelles: Strait linking the Mediterranean (Aegean) and Black Seas

18. Homer Poet credited with composing The Illiad and The Odyssey
Epics: narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds
The Golden Apple of Discord

19. The Illiad
Tells of Trojan War and the warriors Achilles of Greece and Hector of Troy

20. Tells of Odysseus’ adventures on his ten year journey home from Troy
The Odyssey
Tells of Odysseus’ adventures on his ten year journey home from Troy
Odysseus and the sirens
Odysseus meets the sirens

21. Two City States Athens Sparta Government Strengths Army
Category
Sparta
Successful direct democracy: each person had a vote in government.
Government
Powerful oligarchy: government run by a few powerful people
Embraced trade, manufacturing, and the arts
Strengths
Focused only on the military and agriculture
Advanced navy
Army
Advanced land-based army
Citizenship and voting rights for all free adult males
Who is a citizen?
Citizenship for the ruling class only
Freedom, rationalism, individualism, and democracy
Values
Endurance, a scorn of luxuries, and unyielding firmness

22. Athens Developed the world’s first (limited) democracy
Democracy crowning Athens. Stele (marble slab) with a relief showing Democracy as a woman crowning an old man, the Demos (the Athenian People). The inscription is an Athenian law forbidding cooperation with those plotting an antidemocratic coup (Agora Museum).

23. Stages of Athenian Government
Monarchy
Aristocracy
Rule by one person, a king or queen
Rule by a small group of wealthy land owners

24. Rule by one person, a tyrant, who seizes power
Stages of Government
Tyranny
Democracy
Rule by one person, a tyrant, who seizes power
Rule by the people

25. Tyrants Draco and Solon Seized power
Made laws and worked for reforms which led to democracy
These documents bear witness to the birth of the jury trial and of democratic rhetoric.

26. Draco The first Greek legal code Jury system
Harsh laws – most crimes punishable by death
Began debt slavery
It was not until the middle of the seventh century BC that the Greeks first began to establish official laws.
Around 620 BC Draco, the lawgiver, set down the first known written law of Ancient Greece. These laws were so harsh that his name gave rise to our English word "Draconian" meaning an unreasonably harsh law.

27. Solon Allowed all citizens to debate in the assembly
Allowed all citizens access to court system
Outlawed debt slavery
Solon,an Athenian statesman and lawmaker, refined Draco's laws and is credited with "democratizing" justice by making the courts more accessible to citizens. Solon created many new laws that fit into the four basic categories of Ancient Greek law. The only one of Draco's laws that Solon kept when he was appointed law giver in about 594 BC was the law that established exile as the penalty for homicide.

28. Citizens Free adult males (one-fifth of the population)
Women, foreigners, and slaves had no political rights

29. Public Debate in Athens
Citizens debated laws before voting on them
Citizens were expected to be skilled public speakers.
Perfect Athenians were expected to participate in government
Create laws, debate, vote

30. Direct Democracy One Person = One Vote!
citizens vote on all laws and other major decisions
their votes were counted directly
From an illustration by Nigel Longden in Ancient Greece, See Through History series, Hamlyn Children's Books, London, 1992, p 22. Reproduced with permission of Reed Education Professional Education (Heinemann Education), Melbourne.
Bronze jury ballots from the Athenian Agora (Agora Museum). The one on the left has a solid axle and bears the letter epsilon, E, which might designate a jury section. The one on the right has a pierced axle and is inscribed "psephos demosia", i.e. public ballot.  
Athens also had a method of protecting itself from tyrants. A vote of citizens could be used to expel a person from the city. This was meant to be used to get rid of people who might otherwise become tyrants.
But who was a ‘citizen’ in ancient Athens? In Athens, poor people as well as the rich were ‘citizens’, with equal rights, but it is important to realise that many people were not allowed to be citizens:
adult women
slaves
people born outside Athens
people with parents born outside Athens (after 440 BC)
children.
The two largest groups of non-citizens were women and slaves.
Women
The role of women in Athens was to have children and look after the home. They were expected to keep out of public affairs. Euripides wrote a play called Medea, about a foreign sorceress. It would have shocked and annoyed its first audience in 433 BC when they heard her say:
Surely, of all creatures that live, we women Suffer more than anyone. We have to pay Ridiculous amounts of money for a husband, Then he becomes our master, and if he’s bad There’s nothing we can do about it But suffer in silence and misery. If our husband is good, life is enviable. If not, death is better. And they tell us We women live safe at home While men face the dangers of battle - Fools! I’d rather stand three times in the front line Than give birth to one child.
Freely adapted from Euripides: Medea and Other Plays, translated by Philip Vellacott, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1963, pp 24-5.
A woman would not choose her husband; he was chosen by her father who paid money (dowry) to the husband. She usually married a much older man when she was between 14 and 16 years old. A woman could not leave the house unless accompanied by a slave or member of the household. Under the laws of Athens a woman was the property of her father until she married, when she became the property of her husband.
Women could not own property and were not allowed to give evidence in court because they were considered untrustworthy. If they wanted a divorce, they needed the support of their father and brothers and had to petition the court. If a man wanted a divorce, all he had to do was return the dowry and that was it.
Slaves
Athens and other city-states had many slaves. Slaves were mostly people who were captured in war. It seems that slaves who lived with a family were often well-treated, but the conditions of slaves who worked in the silver mines were very bad. It was possible for slaves to buy their freedom.
If you think the ancient Greeks were cruel for having slaves, or that it is hard to believe that they could believe so strongly in freedom when they kept slaves, think of the United States of America. The United States Constitution says ‘all men are created equal’, and yet the man who wrote those words was a slave owner. It took almost another hundred years for the United States to get rid of slavery. And ‘men’ in the United States Constitution did not mean women. It took more than a hundred years before women got the vote in the United States.
Life in ancient Sparta
To contrast aspects of life in ancient Athens with life in an ancient society without democracy, consider the case of Sparta during the same period. Athens and Sparta were so different from each other that you could almost say they were opposites.
Athens was a place where citizens were free to have their say. They were excited by ideas and discussed them openly and constantly. Sparta was like an armed camp, fearful of new ideas. In Athens, even slaves had rights before the law. In Sparta, a Spartan citizen had the right to murder slaves. In Athens, citizens lived freely with their families and were expected to express their opinions and vote on decisions. In Sparta, newborn babies were inspected for signs of weakness and, if they had such signs, they were left naked on a mountainside to die. Boys at the age of seven were taken from their families to live in army barracks with older men. They were not allowed to live with their families again until the age of 60, according to some sources, even though most had wives and children of their own by the time they turned 30
Spartans lived only for war. Forbidden from holding what we might call ‘ordinary’ jobs, the citizens lived as a sort of permanent army, constantly training and deliberately living in tough, uncomfortable conditions with poor clothing and food which other Greeks said was inedible. They were highly disciplined and trained from birth to put Sparta before even their own lives.
It seems that Sparta was a mixture of three different types of government - monarchy, aristocracy and democracy - but free speech and new ideas were discouraged.
Sparta had two kings, but they had little real power. Each took it in turns to either lead the Spartans in war or to stay in Sparta. The city-state was actually ruled by a small group of men - an oligarchy. Each year five rulers, called ethors, were elected by the citizens, but final power was controlled by a council of men aged 65 and over.
The Spartans voted by shouting. Members of the council of elders listened in a room and judged whether ‘yes’ or ‘no’ got the loudest shout, making it possible for the elders to twist the decision of the vote to their opinion if they didn’t like what they heard.
Activity 1: Crossword
Complete this crossword puzzle.
Across
1. A city-state where the citizens trained constantly for war
5. In Athens, people were chosen for some important jobs by this method
6. A person from Athens is called an ...
7. Spartans did this by shouting
11. The system of government in which the ordinary people rule, is called a ...
13. A philosopher who didn’t like democracy
14. The Greek name for a city-state
Down
1. These people were not counted as citizens in Athens
2. You can cook food in this
3. The goddess of the city of Athens
4. Where only ‘the best’ rule
8. Athenian citizens were expected to become ... in time of war
9. These people could not vote or go out of the house on their own
10. The most famous democratic leader of Athens
12. Same as 5 across
Activity 2: Contrasting Athens and Sparta
Copy the following grid into your workbook and complete it by including as many contrasts as you can find between the two city-states.
Differences between Athens and Sparta
AthensSparta     
     
Assessment task
Group newspaper
In groups of up to four, produce a group newspaper or magazine set in ancient Athens some time between 450 BC and 390 BC.
Decide on a name for your newspaper.
The sections of your newspaper should include news, letters, features, entertainment and sport.
Include one article which comments on differences between Athens and Sparta.
The content of your newspaper should be consistent with the time. For example, you would not have articles about cars, radio, or TV.
Use the information from this unit and from other sources such as the Stories of Democracy CD ROM and the school and local library.
Specify the date of your paper. You may use items from different dates, but make sure you always put the date on the article or picture.
Make sure that your headlines attract the attention of the reader. Use of pictures, layout and presentation should also attract the reader.
If you have other ideas apart from those mentioned here, discuss them with your teacher.
Here are some possible topics to get you going:
Assessment criteria
Your work will be assessed on:
the quality of your research, in particular, finding interesting facts and illustrations
your understanding of the information, shown by the way you have used your own words in your articles, headlines and captions, and by your selection and organisation of the material
presentation.
ESL activities
Back to 'Should the People Rule? - At a glance'
One Person = One Vote!

31. Slave girl dancing to entertain guests
Slaves
1/3 of the people living in Athens were slaves
The labor of slaves gave many citizens time to participate in government.
Slave girl dancing to entertain guests

32. Sparta Located on the Island of Peloponnesus (Peloponnesian Peninsula)
Conquered nearby city-state and forced the people to work for the state

33. Social Structure 1. Ruling families who owned the land
2. Free non-citizens (artisans and merchants)
3. Helots – peasants; little more than slaves.

34. Spartan Government
Oligarchy: Government ruled by a few powerful people
Council of Elders
5 elected ephors
Assembly of citizens

35. Spartan Society Militaristic and aggressive
Valued duty, strength, and discipline

36. Spartan Feminism! They Were Citizens of Sparta
They Could Dress Daringly
They Had to Give Up Their Sons at a Young Age
The First Ever Female to Win Gold at the Olympics Was a Spartan
They Expected Their Sons to Triumph or Die on the Battlefield (“come home with your shield or on it”)
Spartan Woman’s Greatest Honor Was to Die During Childbirth
They Were Major Landowners
Don’t Tell the Spartan Bride

37. Two City States Athens Sparta Government Strengths Army
Category
Sparta
Successful direct democracy: each person had a vote in government.
Government
Powerful oligarchy: government run by a few powerful people
Embraced trade, manufacturing, and the arts
Strengths
Focused only on the military and agriculture
Advanced navy
Army
Advanced land-based army
Citizenship and voting rights for all free adult males
Who is a citizen?
Citizenship for the ruling class only
Freedom, rationalism, individualism, and democracy
Values
Endurance, a scorn of luxuries, and unyielding firmness

38. Greece vs. Persian Empire
Persian Wars
Greece vs. Persian Empire
499 – 449 BC

39. Persian Wars
The Persian Wars united Athens and Sparta against the mighty Persian Empire

40. Athens and Sparta Unite!
Persian Wars
Athens and Sparta Unite!
The Persians are Coming!!
Greek colony in Asia Minor – Ionia.
Persia took it over in B.C.
Ionians asked the Greeks for help in 499 B.C.
Athens sent warships to help but they were unsuccessful

41. …The Plot Thickens…..
Darius –(Persian King) angry with Athens for interfering in Persian affairs.
Sent a fleet and army to teach the Greeks to mind their own business.

42. Battle at Marathon heavily outnumbered Greeks defeated the Persians
Pheidippides ran 26 miles to tell Athenians not to give up their city
Then died…. (and so does Darius)

43. Will the Real Xerxes Please Stand Up?
Hollywood!
History!
Xerxes becomes king
wants to avenge his father’s losses at Marathon
Persia prepares for war…

44. Meanwhile, Back in Greece….
Greeks unite to fight Persians
Athens builds up her Navy
Sparta takes charge of the Army

45. Battle at Thermopylae The famous battle that inspired “300”
August 480 B.C.E.
The famous battle that inspired “300”
Spartans defended the pass at Thermopylae with only 300 soldiers.
1000’s of other Greeks had been at the battle but had left to defend another pass.
The Greeks lost the battle but were set up for later success.

46. Victory at Salamis Greece Wins!!
Large Persian ships chase Greeks to Salamis
Can’t maneuver ships in the straits
Athenian ships trap and ram the Persian fleet destroying it
Greece Wins!!
This great naval battle was fought between the Greeks and Persians in 480 BC in the narrow straight between Salamis and Attica. The Persian fleet was lessened somewhat because of a storm but it was still a vastly larger force than the Greeks. The Persians had around seven hundred ships, the Greeks around three hundred. The Spartans and other allies were encamped in the Isthmus of Corinth, awaiting the outcome of the sea battle.
Xerxes was sure of victory. He had his throne placed on a hill overlooking the sea, in part to savor his victory and in part so his commanders would know that their king was watching them.
The Greek forces were led by Themistocles, an Athenian statesman, who was responsible for devising the strategy used during the battle. However, he was not the general who carried out the plan; this was done by Eurybiades, a Spartan commander. The lighter Greek ships rowed out in a circular fashion and rammed the front of their ships into the Persian vessel . The narrow straight, the speed and maneuverability of the Greek ships and their knowledge of the waters enabled them to sink two hundred Persian ships.

47. Results of the Persian Wars
Greece wins and preserves its independence
Athens experiences a Golden Age and continues innovations in government and culture.
Crash Course World History: The Persian Wars