1. Shaping Modern Europe Specific Objective: Understand the establishment of the United Nations and International Declaration of Human Rights, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and their importance in shaping modern Europe and maintaining peace and order.

2. United Nations and Universal Declaration of Human Rights The UN began in April, 1945, with 50 nations. Its mission is to promote peace, improve relations between countries, allow cooperation to solve world problems, and insure human rights

3. United Nations and Universal Declaration of Human Rights The UN is open to all nations willing to follow its rules. All European countries joined the UN after World War II.

4. United Nations and Universal Declaration of Human Rights It provided a forum for debate on issues. Today, Nearly every country in the world is a member of the UN.

5. United Nations and Universal Declaration of Human Rights The United States and the USSR competed in the UN and around the world in the Cold War. This competition limited the effectiveness of the UN in some cases.

6. United Nations and Universal Declaration of Human Rights The UN adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. It outlined Rights to basic freedoms such as those in the U.S. Bill of Rights. It affected the writing of some new constitutions in Europe after the war.

7. International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established in 1944 before the end of World War II and began operations in 1947. It was intended to promote international monetary cooperation by allowing money from different countries to be exchanged at fair rates.

8. International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank The World Bank was established at the same time to assist reconstruction and development. Both function as specialized UN agencies.

9. International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank After the war, the World Bank provided loans mostly to European countries to rebuild industries destroyed or damaged by war. These loans strengthened the countries’ economies and their ties to the United States.

10. International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank Today, nearly every country in the world is a member. Rich, developed nations have the most power in the bank

11. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 23 non-Communist countries, including the United States, signed GATT in 1947. It was intended to ease barriers to international trade.

12. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Any tariffs were applied equally to member nations. It helped enhance trade within Europe and with the United States.

13. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) It established strong economic ties among member countries. GATT was used until 1995 when the World Trade Organization took over its functions.