1. Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Copyright © 2005, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 1 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 Blood

3. 2 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives Describe the primary functions of blood Describe the characteristics of blood plasma List the formed elements of blood and identify the most important function of each Discuss anemia in terms of red blood cell numbers and hemoglobin content

4. 3 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives (cont’d.) Explain the steps involved in blood clotting Describe ABO and Rh blood typing Define the following medical terms associated with blood: hematocrit, leukocytosis, leukopenia, polycythemia, sickle cell, phagocytosis, acidosis, thrombosis, erythroblastosis fetalis, serum, fibrinogen, Rh factor, anemia

5. Copyright © 2005, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 4 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 Lesson 11.1 Chapter 11 Lesson 11.1

6. 5 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Blood Composition Blood plasma  Definition—blood minus its cells  Composition—water containing many dissolved substances (for example, foods, salts, and hormones)  Amount of blood—varies with a person’s size and sex; average is about 4 to 6 L (about 7% to 9% of body weight)

7. 6 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Blood Composition (cont’d.) Formed elements  RBCs (erythrocytes)  WBCs (leukocytes)  Granular leukocytes: Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils  Nongranular leukocytes: Lymphocytes and monocytes  Platelets or thrombocytes

8. 7 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Blood Composition (cont’d.) Formed elements  Numbers  RBCs: 4.5 to 5 million per mm 3 of blood  WBCs: 5,000 to 10,000 per mm 3 of blood  Platelets: 300,000 per mm 3 of blood  Formation  Red bone marrow, or myeloid tissue, forms all blood cells except some lymphocytes and monocytes, which are formed by lymphatic tissue in the lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen

9. 8 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Blood Composition (cont’d.)

10. 9 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. RBCs  Structure  Disk-shaped, without nuclei  Anemia: Inability of blood to carry adequate oxygen to tissue; often caused by  Inadequate RBC numbers  Deficiency of hemoglobin or iron  Pernicious anemia: Deficiency of the intrinsic factor Blood Composition (cont’d.)

11. 10 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Blood Composition (cont’d.) RBCs  Hematocrit: Medical test in which a centrifuge is used to separate whole blood into formed elements and liquid fraction  Buffy coat is WBC and platelet fraction  Normal RBC level is about 45%  Polycythemia: Abnormally high RBC count

12. 11 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Blood Composition (cont’d.) WBCs  Neutrophils and monocytes carry out phagocytosis  Lymphocytes produce antibodies (B- lymphocytes) or directly attack foreign cells (T-lymphocytes)  Eosinophils protect against parasitic irritants that cause allergies  Basophils produce heparin, which inhibits clotting

13. 12 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Blood Composition (cont’d.) WBCs  Clinical conditions related to blood  Leukopenia: Abnormally low WBC count  Leukocytosis: Abnormally high WBC count  Leukemia: Elevated WBC count; cells do not function properly, cells are immature

14. 13 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Blood Composition (cont’d.) Platelets and blood clotting  Platelets play an essential role in blood clotting  Blood clot formation  Clotting factors released at the injury site produce prothrombin activator  Prothrombin activator and calcium convert prothrombin to thrombin  Thrombin triggers formation of fibrin, which traps RBC to form a clot

15. Copyright © 2005, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 14 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 Lesson 11.2 Chapter 11 Lesson 11.2

16. 15 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Blood Types ABO system  Type A blood: Type A self-antigens in RBCs; anti-B-type antibodies in plasma  Type B blood: Type B self-antigens in RBCs; anti-A-type antibodies in plasma  Type AB blood: Type A and type B self-antigens in RBCs; no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma  Type O blood: No type A or type B self-antigens in RBCs; both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma

17. 16 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Blood Types (cont’d.) Rh system  Rh-positive blood  Rh factor antigen present in RBCs  Rh-negative blood  No Rh factor present in RBCs  No anti-Rh antibodies present naturally in plasma  Anti-Rh antibodies appear in the plasma of Rh-negative people if Rh-positive RBCs have been introduced into their bodies

18. 17 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Blood Types (cont’d.) Rh system  Erythroblastosis fetalis: May occur when Rh-negative mother carries a second Rh-positive fetus; caused by mother’s Rh antibodies reacting with baby’s Rh-positive cells