1. Solid Waste

2. What is solid waste and what are the different types? Industrial Municipal

3. How do we define hazardous waste? Threatens human health Poisonous Chemically reactive Corrosive Flammable Industrial Solvents, medical waste, batteries, pesticides, PCBs, heavy metals

4. Solid Waste in the US Major source of nuclear waste Mining, agriculture, industry are biggest producers

5. Cost/benefits of different techniques

6. 1. Open Dumps Positives Negatives Inexpensive Need only large areas for dumping Trash can be blown Vermin, disease, insects Release of harmful gases Leaching of toxins into soil

7. 2. Sanitary Landfills Positives Negatives Covered daily to prevent vermin Liners, drainage to control leaching Geologic surveys/impact studies BEFORE constructed Collect methane gas for energy Expensive Greenhouse gas emissions Landfill itself Transportation to and from landfill Leachate into groundwater via leakage NIMBY

8. Sanitary Landfills

9. 3. Ocean Dumping Positives Negatives Inexpensive “Out of sight, out of mind” Floats to unintended areas Disrupts wildlife & food webs Illegal

11. 4. Burning / Incineration Positives Heat supplements NRG requirements Decreased impact on landfills Decrease in garbage volume from start to finish Inexpensive US (15%) Japan, France, Sweden, Switzerland >40% Negatives Air pollution (Pb, Hg, No x, SO2, dioxins Initial cost $$$$ Sorting of trash $$$$$ Unknown long term consequences Ash concentrated with toxic materials Increased acid precip. Needs a constant supply of garbage!!!

12. Incineration of Garbage

13. 5. Composting Positives Nutrient rich soil Increases H2O retention Decrease soil erosion No major toxic issues Negatives Public image Smell, vermin, insects NIMBY

14. 6. Remanufacturing Positives Reuse materials that would be trash Increase jobs Negatives Toxic materials still present

15. Integrated Waste Management 1 st priority: change processes 2 nd priority: R, R, R Last priority: waste management Incinerate Landfills Dilution in environment

17. How can we (industry/community) decrease resource use, waste, pollution? 1. Redesign manufacturing Use less raw materials & NRG Ex: decrease plastic in water bottles or aluminum in cans

18. 2. Redesign to produce less water & pollution Use less raw materials Use less solvents (organic options like citrus bases)

19. 3. Longer lasting products 4. Cradle to grave laws: companies take back old equipment

20. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Primary Recycling Secondary Recycling

21. Recycling Positives Negatives Waste into inexpensive resources Decrease landfill impact Decrease needs for raw materials & NRG Save $$$ Decrease pollution Incentives for recycling $$$ Weak regulation Changing prices of goods Throw away packaging more popular Policies favor extraction

22. Reusing Positives Negatives Efficient Salvage yards Decrease landfill impact Ex: diapers Washing & decontamination can be $$$ Products are $$$$ (economics)

23. Dealing with hazmat Change processes to reduce/eliminate waste production Recycle/reuse hazmat Convert to less harmful Natural decomposition Dilution Long term storage Landfills Injection wells

24. Cleaning up Hazardous Waste Physical methods Charcoal to separate Chemical: cyclodextrin to remove toxins from soil/groundwater & can be recycled Nanomagnets: chitosan removes oil from water Biological: bioremediation-bacteria (PCBs, pesticides, oil)

25. Solutions: Phytoremediation

26. HAZMAT Storage Deep well (64% in the US) Surface impoundment Liners 70% in US have no liners & 90% threaten groundwater

28. Solutions: Secure Hazardous Waste Landfill

29. Case Study: Hazardous Waste Regulation in the United States 1976: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 1980: Comprehensive Environmental, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), or SuperfundSuperfund Pace of cleanup has slowed Superfund is broke Laws encouraging the cleanup of brownfields

30. Leaking Barrels of Toxic Waste at a Superfund Site in the United States

31. EPA Cleanups