1. Figure 17.2 Overview: the roles of transcription and translation in the flow of genetic information (Layer 5)

2. Figure 17.3 The triplet code

3. Figure 17.4 The dictionary of the genetic code

4. Figure 17.6 The stages of transcription: initiation, elongation, and termination (Layer 4)

5. Figure 17.7 The initiation of transcription at a eukaryotic promoter

7. Figure 17.8 RNA processing; addition of the 5 cap and poly(A) tail

9. The function of the cap is: –prevent mRNA degradation by hydrolytic enzymes –helps attach to the ribosome Function of the 3’ tail: –same functions as the 5’cap –also helps facilitate export of mRNA from nucleus

10. Figure 17.10 The roles of snRNPs and spliceosomes in mRNA splicing

11. RNA Splicing Removes noncoding regions called introns snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins) recognize the splicing signals that are at the ends of introns The RNA in the snRNP is called snRNA (small nuclear RNA) spliceosomes are the larger protein assemblies formed by the joining of snRNPs

13. Figure 17.11 Correspondence between exons and protein domains

14. Figure 17.13a The structure of transfer RNA (tRNA)

15. Figure 17.13b The structure of transfer RNA (tRNA)

16. Figure 17.12 Translation: the basic concept

18. Termination

19. Figure 17.14 An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase joins a specific amino acid to a tRNA

20. Figure 17.15 The anatomy of a functioning ribosome

21. Figure 17.17 The initiation of translation

22. Figure 17.18 The elongation cycle of translation

23. Figure 17.19 The termination of translation

24. Peptide Bonds Join Amino Acids

25. Figure 17.20 Polyribosomes

26. Figure 17.21 The signal mechanism for targeting proteins to the ER

27. The polypeptides of proteins destined for the endomembrane system are marked by a signal peptide, which targets the protein to the ER. A signal recognition particle (SRP) functions as an adaptor that brings the ribosome to a receptor protein built into the ER membrane.

28. Figure 17.22 Coupled transcription and translation in bacteria

29. Figure 17.23 The molecular basis of sickle-cell disease: a point mutation

30. Figure 17.24 Categories and consequences of point mutations: Base-pair substitution

31. Figure 17.24 Categories and consequences of point mutations: Base-pair insertion or deletion

32. Figure 17.25 A summary of transcription and translation in a eukaryotic cell