1. Abira Khan

2.  Changes in host cell structure 1.Cell rounding, detachment from substrate 2.Cell lysis 3.Syncytium formation 4.Inclusion body formation  Cell injury  Direct/secondary effects of viral replication  Adeno virus penton protein

3.  Binding to cell surface receptor- Non/Specific for cell/species  Entry into host cell 1.Surface fusion 2.Endocytosis

4.  Inhibition of cellular transcription  Stimulation of cellular RNA polymerase 1. Stimulatory factor in virion- HSV 2. Modifying host cell TFs- Adenoviral E1A 3. Induction/expression of a new DNA binding protein- Retroviral AP-1

5.  RNA splicing and transport to cytoplasm  Influenza  Adenoviral E1B, E4  Regulation of RNA maturation

6.  Inhibition of host translation 1. Degradation of host mRNA- HSV 2. Competition for host translational apparatus  Changing the specificity of the host translational apparatus  Host response to viral infection  Viral defense against host response  Translational frameshifting  Suppression of translational termination

7.  Inhibition of host cell DNA replication 1. Secondary effect of host cell protein synthesis inhibition 2. Displacement of cellular DNA from normal site of replication- HSV 3. Using host cell DNA replication proteins to viral structures 4. Cellular DNA degradation- Poxvirus  Addition of viral proteins to replication apparatus- SV40 T Ag  Virus encoding new replicase complex  Virus encoding a new replication apparatus  Maintenance of viral DNA within host cell

8.  Utilization of host cell pathways 1. Protein targeting mechanism 2. Protein modification

9.  Effects on cell membrane 1. Promotion of cell fusion 2. Altering plasma membrane permeability  Interaction with cell cytoskeleton 1. Depolymerization- VSV, HSV 2. Incorporation of cytoskeletal components into infected cell structures 3. Interaction of viral molecules 4. Effects of virus on mRNA association with cytoskeleton  Assembly of factories for virion DNA replication & assembly

10.  Depends on structure of virus  Apical and basal surface of epithelial cells  Release of progeny virus initiates another cycle

11.  Fundamental Virology- Fields- 2 nd Edition