1. Ptolemaic Earth-Centric Astronomy Sun Earth Natural Systems: Switching from a Person-Centric to a Structure-Centric Model of Humans

2. Copernican Heliocentric Astronomy Sun Earth

3. Person Structure Eart h Sun Changing from Earth-Centric to Sun-Centric Changing from Person-Centric to Structure-Centric is Analogous to Sun Levels of External structures become the focus for understanding the person and personal relationships. Internal processes and personal relationships were the focus for understanding the person. Eart h Sun Revolves Around Earth Earth Revolves Around Sun

4. Person Structure Eart h Sun Eart h Levels of External structures have become focus for understanding the person and personal relationships. Internal processes and personal relationships were focus for understanding the person. Cultures- agencies- institutions Communities - Families Settings - Situations Feelings Cognition – Schemata - Schemes Life history and Experiences Hierarchy of Influence How do these: Effect these: Hierarchy of Influence of Levels of External Structures on Internal Processes Dyadic Inter- action Roles Personal Interactions Hierarchy of Influence Perceptions

5. The Natural Systems Emphasizing the Relationship between Levels of External Structures and Systems and Internal Structures and Systems and Processes The Duplex Pyramids Treating the person from the outside in and/or helping the person become aware of the influence of external structures and helping the person learn, by altering internal processes, to control these influences. Levels of External Structures and Systems Levels of Internal Structures and Systems and Processes

6. Method of Analysis in the Duplex Pyramids Model It is possible to separate out potentially critical factors in the various levels of the External Structures. It is possible to speculate about and examine how each delineated factor might influence or shape one, some, or even all of the internal processes within each level of internal structures. Rather than attempting to discover universal cause and effect relations, the objective is to see if changing one or more factors in the external structure will produce, in a particular organization or institution, one or more desired effects, such as a certain type of behavior. It is possible to speculate about the way in which one or more internal processes within a level of internal structure is related to those within another level of internal structure. We then could design some factors within a selected level or levels of external structure so as to see if our hunch about how they might alter, for example, behavior of and perception of others in the organization. We if wanted to induce or shape more mature behavior, we might choose ‘roles’ as the focus in the external structure. We would be looking to see if the adoption of a role elicited more mature physical and verbal behavior which in turn might possibly induce a change in the way the role occupant was perceived by others, the way the role occupant perceives others, and in turn alter the way the role occupant feels about the other and vice versa and even the way the role occupant feels about and thinks about her/him self. Taking this approach we could, using the systematic method of analysis of the Natural Systems’ Duplex Model, select factors, one by one or as a group or set, redesign them with specific target targets in the internal structures and processes, implement them, and then observe to see the effect or assemblage of effects might be. The alterations in the external structures would be documented and the effects on the bottom pyramid, namely persons and their behaviors and achievements would be measured using objective, publicly observable, repeatable, macro (institutional performance indicators) measures and micro (ongoing records of behavioral changes provided by multiple observers) measures. Using this approach, we would not be able to establish definitive, one to one, causal relations that are often found in controlled, laboratory experiments. However, we might find that we are able to achieve results that using traditional experiments testing such one to one, definitive causal relations and applying conclusions from them have not able to achieve.