1. RESPIRATION HONORS BIOLOGY

2. THE BIG PICTURE

3. ENERGY RELEASE: BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION Step by step release of stored chemical energy (held in bonds of glucose) by enzyme-controlled biological reactions Release of energy in two forms: body heat ATP

4. CHAPTER 9 Some ATP is made from the breakdown of glucose without using oxygen! In other words, there are some organisms that do not NEED oxygen! To release energy a little at a time, the cell takes glucose apart a little at a time through a series of chemical reactions

5. 9.2 PRODUCING ATP WITHOUT OXYGEN GLYCOLYSIS *glyco (glucose) lysis (break apart) *breakdown of glucose to release energy *first step in glucose breakdown *occurs in the cytoplasm

6. GLUCOSE C 6 H 12 0 6 Glycolysis happens in ALL cells Glycolysis does NOT need oxygen Glycolysis uses 2 ATP to get the process going…. Oxygen

7. GLYCOLYSIS Two ATP needed to begin:

8. GLYCOLYSIS Glucose is split into 2 molecules of PGAL each containing 3 carbons Each new molecule is called PGAL

9. GLYCOLYSIS

10. TWO PGALs CONTINUE BREAKING DOWN TWO NADHs ARE FORMED HERE TWO ATPs ARE MADE HERE

11. PGAL CONTINUES TO BREAK DOWN UNTIL PYRUVATE IS FORMED END PRODUCT: PYRUVATE

12. WHAT IS NADH? NAD+ COMBINES WITH A H+ AND IT’S ELECTRONS TO FORM NADH NADH ACTS AS AN ELECTRON CARRIER FOR HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS

13. INPUT VS OUTPUT INPUT ONE GLUCOSE TWO ATPs TWO NAD+ OUTPUT TWO PYRUVATES (also called pyruvic acid) FOUR ATPs TWO NADHs NOTE: _____IC ACID = ______ATE FILL IN THE BLANKS!

14. SOOOOOOO…..HOW MUCH ATP? TWO TO START FOUR ARE MADE = NET OF TWO ATPs DURING GLYCOLYSIS

15. SUMMARY ANIMATION Cellular respiration animation

16. FERMENTATION Mechanism to get rid of electrons if oxygen is not available Usually need oxygen to take H off of NADH to form more NAD+ so that glycolysis will keep going If there is no NAD+ you can’t have glycolysis because there would not be anything to pick up the electrons release when PGAL is broken down to pyruvate (pyruvic acid)

17. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION OTHERWISE KNOWN AS ‘FERMENTATION’ TWO TYPES LACTIC ACID (LACTATE) ETHYL ALCOHOL

18. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

19. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION When ATP is needed but oxygen is not present, the pyruvic acid (_______) changes into lactic acid (_________) Answer to blanks: pyruvate & lactate Happens in muscle cells after strenuous exercise and an oxygen debt occurs which causes pain and fatigue Only happens if cells need more energy than can be produced by glycolysis and no oxygen is present

20. LACTATE FERMENTATION USES TWO NADH TO CHANGE PYRUVATE INTO LACTIC ACID

21. SUMMARY ANIMATION Cellular respiration animation

22. ALCOHOL FERMENTATION Occurs in yeast cells Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted to carbon dioxide and alcohol Used is bread, beer and wine production

23. ALCOHOL FERMENTATION 2

24. COMPARISON OF TWO TYPES

25. WHAT IS MISSING?