1. LI 2013 NATHALIE F. MARTIN L ANGUAGE & G RAMMAR

2. Table of Content W HAT IS LANGUAGE ? W HAT IS LANGUAGE ? R EVIEW : L ANGUAGE ( ABILITY ), L ANGUAGE ( CODE ) AND S PEECH R EVIEW : L ANGUAGE ( ABILITY ), L ANGUAGE ( CODE ) AND S PEECH G RAMMAR G RAMMAR Objectives: See the study of language and grammar through a linguistic perspective. Reference: Language : A Preview (O’Grady, p. 3-11)

3. What is Language? Language is the method of _ __ ________ ________ ________, either _ __ ________ or ________, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.

4. Language(s) A language is more than a simple instruments used for communication: ________ ________  It the can be the object of ________ ________ ; ________ ________  It can also show ________ ________ between different people and social groups.  Etc.

5. Language, Languages and Speech Terminology:  Communication  Language  Language(s)  Speech

6. Language, Languages and Speech FRENCHENGLISH “Langage”Language/ability innateabilitylearnproduce The innate ability to learn and produce language/code. Natural, universal and innate ability (amongst humans). “Langue(s)”Language(s)/code codesystemconsensus A code or system, used by consensus. Ex: different languages (French, English, Spanish, Greek, etc.). Collective Collective (used within a language group, speakers of the language) “Parole”Speech act of speaking The individual act of speaking (Concrete use of the language/code). Ex: “Please stop the bus!” Individual Individual.

7. Creative System Grammar and Linguistics Competence Language & Grammar Reference: Chapter 1 (O’Grady & Archibald

8. THE CREATIVITY ASPECT OF LANGUAGE ________ Human language must be ________ : allowing novelty and innovation is response to new thoughts, experiences, and situations A Creative System Contemporary Linguistics Analysis : p. 5.

9. Linguistic Performance: ________ ________ this knowledge in actual speech production and comprehension. Linguistic Competence: ________ What you ________ about a language. The Components of a Grammar Contemporary Linguistics Analysis : p. 5.

10. What You Know About Grammar Grammatical or not…? The fish is swimming. *Fish the swimming is. ? Swimming is the fish. *The fishing is swim. He saw two dogs. *He saw twos dog.

11. What You Know About Grammar ________ Knowledge of ________ : Knowing the sound units that are related to specific meanings. ________ Knowledge of ________ : Knowing how to form sentences. ________ ___ Knowledge of the ________ ___ : Knowing what sounds are in that language and what sounds are not.

12. Prescriptive Grammar 1762; Bishop Robert Lowth; A Short Introduction to English Grammar with Critical Notes. II don’t have none  YYou was wrong  MMathilda is fatter than me  Many of those rules were based on Latin grammar. Latin was assumed as the respected scientific language in the 15th – 17th Centuries. I don’t have any You were wrong Mathilda is fatter than I

13. Descriptive Grammar 1985; Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik; A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language.  Based on a corpus of actual spoken and written English.

14. The Components of a Grammar  _____________  _____________ : the articulation and perception of speech sounds  ____________  ____________ : the patterning of speech  ____________  ____________ : word formation  ____________  ____________ : sentence formation  ____________  ____________ : the interpretation of words and sentences. Contemporary Linguistics Analysis : p. 5.

15. Grammar _______ ________ ________ ________ ________ « As you can see, the term grammar is used in a special way within linguistics. A linguist’s grammar is not a _______ and it is not concerned with just the form of words and sentences. Rather, it is an intricate system of knowledge that encompasses ________ and ________ as well as ________ and ________.» Contemporary Linguistics Analysis : p. 5.

16.  GENERALITY: ALL LANGUAGES HAVE A GRAMMAR  PARITY: ALL GRAMMARS ARE EQUAL  UNIVERSALITY: GRAMMARS ARE ALIKE IN BASIC WAYS  MUTABILITY: GRAMMARS CHANGE OVER TIME  INACCESSIBILITY: GRAMMATICAL KNOWLEDGE IS SUBCONSCIOUS T HE T RUTH A BOUT G RAMMAR Reference: Chapter 1 (O’Grady & Archibald)

17. The Truth About Grammar: Generality All languages have a grammar  Fundamental claim of modern linguistics ________  Can be ________ phonetically, phonologically, morphologically, syntatically, semantically.  ________ ________  ________ and ________ languages  __________ ________  __________ and also different ________ of the same language. Example:  Contemporary Linguistics Analysis : p. 5.

18. The Truth About Grammar : Parity All grammars are equal ________  No such thing as a ________ language. ________ ________  No such thing as a ________ grammar and a ________ grammar.  Since all grammars tell speakers how to form and interpret the words and sentences of their language.  « (….) language analysis must reflect the way it is actually used, not someone’s idealized vision of how it should be used. »  _____________  _____________, not prescriptive Example: Contemporary Linguistics Analysis : p.67.

19. The Truth About Grammars: Universality ________ Grammars are ________ in basic ways All languages have:  Small set of contrastive sounds that help to distinguish word from each other;  Have more consonant sounds than vowel sounds;  Any language that has an f sound has an s sound;  All languages have an ah sound (like in the word father);  Universal constaints on how words can be put together to form sentences. Contemporary Linguistics Analysis : p. 7.

20. The Truth About Grammars: Mutability ________ ________ ________ Grammars ________ ________ ________  Features that are not universal and fixed are subject to change over time;  Example:  Negative construction before the 1200.  Ne + verb + not (or nawt) For example: He ne speketh nawt (He does not speak)  Negative construction in the 1400 For example: We saw nawt the knyghtes.  Now:  Not only after certain types of verbs (ex: do, have, will) Contemporary Linguistics Analysis : p. 8.

21. The Truth About Grammars: Inaccessibility ________ ________ Grammatical knowledge is ________ ________  Largely subconscious and not accessible to introspection  Speakers of a native language know what sounds right or what sounds wrong … but they are not sure how they know. Example:  Pronunciation of the past tense ending (sounds) of:  Hunted  Slipped  Buzzed  Explain why we say:  Contemporary Linguistics Analysis : p. 8.