1. - is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an ore body, vein or (coal) seam. - Extraction of non-renewable resource (e.g., petroleum, natural gas, or even water).

3. Materials recovered include: Base/precious metals Iron Uranium Coal Diamond Limestone Oil Shale

5. A businessman would like to increase his earnings through mining. Learning about his interest in the field, three companies immediately came up with project proposals for three different mineral reserves:

6. Company A proposed for Manganese Company B recommended phosphates Company C envisioned a coal mining industry

7. - is a chemical element designated by the symbol Mn. - Is a free element with important industrial metal alloy uses

8. Treatment for RustCorrosion prevention on Steel

9. PPhosphoric acid is made by treating calcium phosphate rock with sulfuric acid TThe acid is useful in the laboratory because of its resistance to oxidation, to reduction and evaporation IIt can be prepared also by burning phosphorous vapor and treating the resulting oxide with steam

10.  Used as fuel  Raw material for industry  Power stations – burn coal to produce electricity – production of light and heat  Coal tar - a black liquid produced from coal. Used in some perfumes

13. Environmental issues can include erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of biodiversity, and contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water by chemicals from mining processes. Contamination resulting from leakage of chemicals can also affect the health of the local population if not properly controlled. Mining companies in most countries are required to follow stringent environmental and rehabilitation codes in order to minimize environmental impact and avoid impacts on human health. These codes and regulations all require the common steps of Environmental impact assessment, development of Environmental management plans, Mine closure planning (which must be done before the start of mining operations), and Environmental monitoring during operation and after closure.erosionsinkholesbiodiversitygroundwatersurface waterEnvironmental impact assessmentEnvironmental managementMine closure planningEnvironmental monitoring

15. The cost per ton for the month of December was $0.81 per ton reflecting the short haul distance to the crusher. For 1999 and beyond, mining cost per ton is expected to be in the range of $0.85 to $0.90. The depth of the pit and the height of the heap leach pad impact the truck- haul cycle time and unit cost, which is the most significant component of mining costs.

16. Raphaela Marie P. Espanio Rosemarie Villanueva Paul Divino