1. I. Inner and Eastern Asia 400 – 1200 C.E.

2. The Sui and Tang Empires 581 – 755 C.E.

3. Sui Empire

4. Reunification Under The Sui Sui Empire reunified China Established a government based on Confucianism, but heavily influenced by Buddhism Sui’s rapid decline and fall may have been due to large amounts of resources spent on: –Construction –Canal and irrigation projects –Military

5. Grand Canal

6. A. The Tang Empire 618 – 907 C.E.

7. Tang Empire

8. 1. Tang Empire - Introduction Established in 618. Carried out a program of territorial expansion Avoided over-centralization Combined Turkic influence with Chinese Confucian traditions

9. 2. Buddhism and the Tang Empire Tang legitimized control by using Buddhist idea that kings are spiritual agents who bring subjects into Buddhist realm. Buddhist monasteries were important allies of early Tang emperors. –Received tax exemptions, land, and gifts for cooperation.

10. 3. Mahayana Buddhism Most important school of Buddhism in Central and East Asia. Beliefs were flexible Encouraged adoption of local deities into Mahayana pantheon Encouraged translation of Buddhist texts into local languages.

11. 4. Spread of Buddhism Spread through trade routes that converged on Chang’an. Trade routes brought other peoples and cultural influences to Chang’an –This made it a cosmopolitan city.

12. 5. Chang’an – Capital City Destination of ambassadors from other states sent to China under the tributary system. City had over 1,000,000 residents –Most lived outside city walls Foreigners lived in special compounds Residents in walled, gated quarters

13. 6. Land and Sea Roads and canals brought people and goods to city. Islamic and Jewish merchants from Western Asia came to China via the Indian Ocean trade routes. Chinese commercial ships carried goods and the Bubonic Plague.

14. 7. Trade and Cultural Exchange Exports –Polo –Grape wine –Tea –Spices In trade, China lost monopoly on silk, but began to make its own cotton, tea, and sugar.

15. B. Rivals for Power in Inner Asia and China 600-907

16. 1. Uigur Empire Built empire in Central Asia in mid- eighth century. Known as merchants and scribes. –Developed own script. Strong ties to Islam and China. Lasted for about 50 years.

17. Uigur Script

18. 2. Tibetan Empire Large empire with access to Southeast Asia, China, South and Central Asia,/ Open to Indian, Chinese, Islamic, and Greek culture. In early Tang, China and Tibet were friendly. –Tibetan king received a Chinese princess and Mahayana Buddhism brought to Tibet.

19. 3. Discontent Late 600s –friendly relations had given way to military rivalry in which Tibet allied with the southwestern kingdom of Nanchao against the Tang. Ninth century –Tibetan king attempted to eliminate Buddhism, but failed. –Tibet enters a long period of monastic rule and isolation.

20. 4. Upheavals Late ninth century –Tang Empire broke power of Buddhist monasteries –Confucian ideology was reasserted Reason for crackdown: –Buddhism was seen as undermining the family system and eroding the tax base

21. 5. Women and Buddhism Buddhism used to legitimize women’s participation in politics. –Wu Zhao took control of government and made herself emperor with the backing of Buddhism. When Buddhism was suppressed, Confucian scholars were very critical of women with power. –Also destroyed many Buddhist cultural artifacts.

22. Wu Zhao

23. 6. End of Tang Empire As territory expanded and faced internal rebellions, Tang dynasty depended on powerful military governors to maintain peace. 907 – Tang state ended and military governors established own kingdoms. –No kingdoms were able to integrate territory on the scale of the Tang. –East Asia was cut off from rest of world.

24. II. The Emergence of East Asia To 1200 C.E.

25. A. New States After fall of Tang, new states emerge: –Liao –Jin –Chinese Song Liao and Jin cut the Chinese off from Central Asia Song strengthened contacts with Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asia.

26. Liao State Included nomads and settled agriculturalists. Liao kings presented themselves as: –Confucian rulers –Buddhist monarchs –Nomadic leaders Liao rulers were of the Kitan ethnic group.

27. B. Liao Empire Lasted from 916-1121. Liao had strong military. Forced Song to give annual tribute of cash and silk in return for peace.

28. III. The Song Empire 960 To 1129 C.E.

29. A. The Song Empire Song helped Jurchens of northeast Asia to defeat the Liao. Jurchens established Jin Empire, turned on Song, and drove them out of north and central Asia in 1127. Song reigned in South Asia as the Southern Song Empire (1127-1279).

30. Song Empire

31. 1. Song Industries Made a number of technological inventions. –Mathematics, astronomy, calendar making. 1088 – Su Song constructed a mechanical clock that told time, day of month, and indicated movements of the moon, some stars, and planets.

32. Recreation of Su Song’s Clock

33. 2. Shipbuilding Song introduced: –Sternpost rudder –Watertight bulkheads –Improved compass for seafaring –Made possible for building larger ships

34. Sternpost Rudder I have no idea who this chick is.

35. 3. Military Had standing professionally trained and paid military. Iron and coal were important strategic resource for Song military. Song produced large amounts of high- grade iron and steel for: –Weapons –Armor –Defensive works Developed gunpowder weapons

36. Chinese Cannon

37. 4. Society in Song China Dominated by civilian officials Put higher value on civil pursuits than on military affairs Song thinkers developed a Neo- Confucian philosophy. –Zen Buddhism continued to be popular.

38. 5. Civil Service Examination System Introduced in the Tang Broke domination of the hereditary aristocracy by allowing men to be chosen for service based on merit. –Men from poor families were unlikely to devote time and resources to studying for the exam.

39. 6. Moveable Type Allowed Song government to mass- produce authorized preparation texts for examination-takers. Printing also allowed for the spread of new agricultural technology. –Helped to increase agricultural production. –Spurred population growth.

40. Earliest Printed Book

41. 7. Population Growth During Song period, population rose to 100 million. Population and economic growth fed the large, crowded, but well- managed cities like Hangzhou.

42. 8. Money Created Interregional Credit System called “flying money.” Introduced government-issued paper money. –Caused inflation –Later withdrawn

43. 9. Market Economy Song not able to control it as previous governments did. Tax collection was privatized New merchant elite thrived in cities –Wealth was derived from trade, not land

44. 10. Women in the Song Period Entirely subordinated to men Lost rights to own and manage property Remarriage was forbidden Bound feet became status symbol for elite women Working class women and women from non-Han peoples did not bind feet and had more independence.

45. Bound Feet

46. III. New Kingdoms in East China

47. Chinese Influences Korea, Japan, and Vietnam were all rice- cultivating economies. Labor needs fit well with Confucian concepts of hierarchy, obedience, and discipline. All adapted aspects of Chinese culture, but political ideologies remained different Valued literacy in Chinese and read Chinese classics.

48. Korea Hereditary elite absorbed Confucianism and Buddhism from China and passed them to Japan. Several small Korean kingdoms were united first by –Silla in 668 –Koryo in early 900s Korea used woodblock printing as early as the 700s Later invented moveable type, which it passed to Song China.

49. Korean Buddhist Woodblock

50. Japanese Unification Mountainous terrain was home to hundreds of small states that were unified in the fourth or fifth century. Unified state established its government at Yamato on Honshu Island.

51. Political Reforms Mid-seventh century – rulers of Japan implemented a series of political reforms to establish: –Centralized government –Legal code –National histories –Architecture and City planning similar to Tang China

52. Not the same as Tang… Adopted Tang concepts as needed to Japanese life. Maintained own concept of emperorship. Native religion of Shinto survived alongside imported Buddhist religion.

53. Heian Period 794-1185 Fujiwara clan dominated government Period known for aesthetic refinement of its aristocracy and for the elevation of civil officials above warriors.

54. Heian Temple

55. Warrior Clans Late 1000s – some warrior clans became wealthy and powerful After years of fighting, one warrior clan took control of Japan –Established the Kamakura Shogunate Had capital at Kamakura in eastern Honshu.

56. Kamakura Warrior

57. Northern Vietnam Vietnam was suitable for irrigation with Southern China. Economic and cultural assimilation took place in Tang and Song times. –Elite of Annam modeled high culture on that of the Chinese at this time. When Tang Empire fell, Annam established itself as an independent state under the name Dai Viet.

58. Southern Vietnam Kingdom of Champa was influenced by Malay and Indian as well as by Chinese culture. When Dai Viet was established, Champa cultivated a relationship with the Song state and exported rice to China.

59. Confucianism East Asian countries shared a common Confucian interest in hierarchy, but the status of women varied from country to country. Before Confucianism was introduced to Annam, women had a higher status than women in Confucius China.