1. Memory

2. What is memory? The persistence of learning over time via storage and retrieval of information

3. Information Processing Model of Memory Encoding Storage Retrieval (write to file) (save to disk) (read from disk)

4. Information Processing Model of Memory Encoding –Processing information into the memory system (i.e., extracting meaning) Automatic vs. Effortful processing Visual encoding –Encoding of picture images Acoustic encoding –Encoding of sound (esp. of words) Semantic encoding –Encoding of meaning (esp. of words) (#1)

5. Information Processing Model of Memory Storage –The retention of encoded information over time Retrieval –Process of getting information out of memory

6. Recallvs.Recognition (#2) Person must retrieve information learned earlier (ex – fill-in-blank/essay tests) Measure of memory where person only has to identify items previously learned (ex – multiple choice tests) Relearning – material once learned can be relearned with less effort than material not previously learned

7. Information Processing Model of Memory

8. Sensory Register Immediate, initial recording of sensory info in memory system – info is either processed or lost –Iconic Visual – eyes register exact representation of scene in amazing, but fleeting detail (lasts ~ ¼ sec.) (#3) –Eidetic – “photographic” memory (#4) –Echoic Auditory – hold for 3-6 sec.

9. How much information can you hold? Try to see if you can remember all of the following numbers (#5)

10. 736

12. 3795

14. 06935

16. 759354

18. 8340385

20. 02148594

22. 395076395

24. 1793057848

26. Information Processing Model of Memory Short Term Memory (STM) –a.k.a. – “working memory” –Limited capacity, but very accurate type of memory that lasts from a few seconds to ~ ½ min. “Magic number” 7+/-2 –Varies by individual Rehearsal – conscious repetition »Ex. – phone number –maintain in consciousness –encode for storage or will be forgotten »Ebbinghaus – nonsense syllables & relearning

27. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 369121518 Time in seconds between presentation of contestants and recall request (no rehearsal allowed) Percentage who recalled consonants

28. Yet another memory test Try to remember as much as possible of the following long string of letters. When I give you the cue, see how many you can write down. (Test #7)

29. N

31. B

33. C

35. C

37. I

39. A

41. F

43. B

45. I

47. P

49. B

51. S

53. Write down what you remember.

54. “Chunking” NBC CIA FBI PBS

55. Serial Position Test Listen to the list of words that I will read aloud. When I give you the cue, try to write down as many as you can remember. (#6)

57. Serial Position Effect (Primacy and Recency) Nation Uncle Valley Skin Question Record Animal Roof Weather Doctor Circle Friend Railroad Shade Machine Thought Gold Season Class Movie

58. Information Processing Model of Memory Long Term Memory (LTM) –Relatively permanent, limitless type of memory Implicit Memory – without conscious recall –Procedural – motor/cognitive skills (how to do things) –Dispositional – classical/operant conditioning Explicit (Declarative) Memory – conscious recall –Semantic – facts, names –Episodic – personally experienced events »“flashbulb” memory – clear memory of emotionally significant moment/event (i.e. JFK, 9/11)

59. Types of long-term memories Explicit (declarative) With conscious recall Implicit (nondeclarative) Without conscious recall Facts-general knowledge (“semantic memory”) Personally experienced events (“episodic memory”) Skills-motor and cognitive Dispositions- classical and operant conditioning effects

60. Memory Strategies Imagery Visualization – loci method Mnemonics Chunking Hierarchies Overlearning “Spacing Effect” Multi-sensory Elaborate

61. Elaboration Test As you see the words, follow the instruction to either: -count the e’s or -place in a category At the end, see how many you can remember and write down. (Test #8)

62. Date

63. Pitcher

64. Violet

65. Black

66. Maine

67. Wind

68. Spring

69. Bridge

70. Jefferson

71. Lead

72. Jam

73. Rattle

74. Grass

75. Marker

76. Page

77. Cookie

78. Bat

79. Plumber

80. Chair

81. Perch

82. Host

83. File

84. Beethoven

85. Bulb

86. Rock

87. Anger

88. Freud

89. Giggle

90. Egg

91. Notwithstanding

93. Date Black Bridge Grass Cookie Bat Chair Host File Beethoven Bulb Anger Freud Giggle Egg Pitcher Violet Maine Wind Spring Jefferson Lead Jam Rattle Marker Page Plumber Perch Rock Notwithstanding Sorted E’sCategory

94. Retrieval Cues Priming –Activation (usually unconscious) of particular associations in memory ex - Seeing rabbit primes spelling of spoken word as hare, not hair Context-Dependent Memory –More likely to remember things in similar context to when they were learned Mood-congruent memory –Tendency to remember experiences consistent w/ current mood State-dependent memory

95. How about another memory test? I will read a list of words aloud. Try to remember as many of the words as possible and write them down when I give the cue. (#9)

97. Did you write the word sleep?… …It wasn’t in there. False Memories / Deja Vu cues from current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier, similar experience

98. Forgetting Can be result of failure in encoding, storage, or retrieval (#10) Storage Decay 123451015202530 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 Time in days since learning list Percentage of list retained when relearning Ebbinghaus’ “forgetting curve” 80% of what we learn is lost within 24 hours without recitation/review 79% of remaining 20% is forgotten within 2- 6 weeks without recitation/review We typically lose 85% of what we learn within 3 months

99. Forgetting Chemicals Voluntary drugs Nicotine (+), caffeine (+) Marijuana (-), alcohol (-) Involuntary drugs Amnesia Infantile Anterograde Retrograde Severe trauma Repression Disease (i.e. – Alzheimer’s) Interference Proactive Retroactive (#11) (Positive Transfer – helpful) Distortion or construction