1. Monday, April 11th agenda Review terms Handouts Intro to Romanesque/Gothic Bible in Stone announcements No homework

2. Kathedra “Seat of the bishop” Holy sanctuary from the evils of the world

3. Romanesque

4. Romanesque Characteristics 8 th century (?) – 12 th century First pan-European architecture style since Roman Empire Churches; also castles Large, monumental, and solid Rounded arches – often arcades Simple and dark interiors Barrel and groin vaults (stone and wood) Largest quantity survive in southern France, northern Spain, rural Italy

6. Maria Laach Abbey, Germany

7. Tum Collegiate Church, Poland

8. Lessay Abbey, Normandy, France

9. Tower of London

10. Leaning Tower of Pisa

11. Crusader castle, Krak des Chevaliers, Syria,

13. Gothic

14. Gothic: Key Ideas Originated in 12th-century France and lasted into the 16th century Great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. Also castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities. Built on advances made by Romanesque New vertical heights –Ribbed vault; Pointed arch; Flying buttress Stained glass windows –Rose Window Sculpture – more 3-D/”alive” and vertical

15. Reims Cathedral, France

16. Interior of Reims Cathedral

17. Salisbury Cathedral, England

18. Cologne Cathedral, Germany

19. Interior of Cologne Cathedral

20. Notre Dame, Paris, France

21. King’s College Chapel, England

22. Milan Cathedral, Italy

23. Pilgrimage A journey or search of moral or spiritual significance Typically, it is a journey to a shrine or other location of importance to a person's beliefs and faith Driving force behind the Gothic movement Long, often dangerous Brought money, wine, clothing, jewelry, wax – length of the afflicted body that needed curing Vacation Today the numbers of people of all faiths making pilgrimages has continued to rise, with 39 of the most popular sites alone receiving an estimated 200 million visitors every year. A journey or search of moral or spiritual significance Typically, it is a journey to a shrine or other location of importance to a person's beliefs and faith Driving force behind the Gothic movement Long, often dangerous Brought money, wine, clothing, jewelry, wax – length of the afflicted body that needed curing Vacation Today the numbers of people of all faiths making pilgrimages has continued to rise, with 39 of the most popular sites alone receiving an estimated 200 million visitors every year.

24. Pilgrimage Map

25. Key Ideas Revitalization of large-scale arch Development of apse – crowds pilgrims Portal sculptures – themes –Last Judgment –Salvation

26. Holy Relics

27. Comes from the Latin reliquiae, meaning "remains" or "something left behind" (the same root as relinquish) Usually consists of the physical remains of a saint or the personal effects of the saint A reliquary is a container for relics Relics are an important aspect of some forms of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Shamanism, and many other religions Miraculous cures Absolving of sins Bible a reality Promise of a better life “Sacred Force” – strongest when in contact with pilgrim Stolen Relics – more power – must be happier in new home or wouldn’t have been stolen Hierarchy of Saints – Virgin Mary to lowly, humble saint Comes from the Latin reliquiae, meaning "remains" or "something left behind" (the same root as relinquish) Usually consists of the physical remains of a saint or the personal effects of the saint A reliquary is a container for relics Relics are an important aspect of some forms of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Shamanism, and many other religions Miraculous cures Absolving of sins Bible a reality Promise of a better life “Sacred Force” – strongest when in contact with pilgrim Stolen Relics – more power – must be happier in new home or wouldn’t have been stolen Hierarchy of Saints – Virgin Mary to lowly, humble saint

28. St. Francis Xavier's humerus

29. Skull of Saint Ivo of Kermartin

30. Reliquary in the church of San Pedro, Ayerbe, Spain

31. Shroud of Turin

32. Cathedrals “The Bible in Stone”

33. Why is it called a Bible in stone?

34. Symbolism of Design –Altar = head People separated from altar by screen – largely watched rituals –Transept = arms and hands –Nave – body (length reminder of long suffering) –Height – hope for future reward –Decoration/Ornate – wealth of God’s grace/foreshadows the glories of new Jerusalem –Altar = head People separated from altar by screen – largely watched rituals –Transept = arms and hands –Nave – body (length reminder of long suffering) –Height – hope for future reward –Decoration/Ornate – wealth of God’s grace/foreshadows the glories of new Jerusalem

35. Pointed arches – heavenward drawing the soul away from the earth

36. Stained glass – divine, spiritual, educational, inspirational

37. Daily sermons/masses – bearing testimony to presence of God (beauty/majesty/joy) Gregorian chants Incense

38. Center of Life: baptism, education,confirmation, marriage, burial

41. Apse faces east towards Jerusalem

42. Ornamentation

43. Video Tour of Chartres http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rvt5mH p8mdE

44. THE PROBLEM OF WEIGHT and HEIGHT

46. Solution #l: Pointed Arches Strong! Stable! Weight of roof supported by arches not the walls… –Walls could be thinner – stained glass Tends to push piers outward Strong! Stable! Weight of roof supported by arches not the walls… –Walls could be thinner – stained glass Tends to push piers outward

47. Solution # 2:Rib Vaulting Columns support weight – not WALL - as in Romanesque barrel vaulting Delineated vaults Sense of unity Columns support weight – not WALL - as in Romanesque barrel vaulting Delineated vaults Sense of unity

48. Solution #3: Flying Buttresses Prevents outward collapse of arches Freestanding brick or stone supports attached to exterior walls by arch –Re: piers?? Takes that extra weight and splits it… Down to pier and foundation Across to flying buttress to buttress and then down to foundation Allowed structure to be taller and VISUALLY lighter Prevents outward collapse of arches Freestanding brick or stone supports attached to exterior walls by arch –Re: piers?? Takes that extra weight and splits it… Down to pier and foundation Across to flying buttress to buttress and then down to foundation Allowed structure to be taller and VISUALLY lighter

51. "The holy city, Jerusalem coming down from God, out of heaven, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband...and her light was like unto a stone most precious...and the building of the wall of it was jasper, and the city was pure gold, like unto clear glass. And the foundations of the wall of the city were garnished with all manner of precious stones....." Revelation 21:18-20

52. THE END