1. The master controlling and communicating system of the body
Nervous System
The master controlling and communicating system of the body

2. 2.7 Diagram the general scheme of the nervous system.

3. The Central Nervous System (CNS)
The Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of the Brain and the Spinal Cord.
The spinal cord carries messages from the body to the brain, where they are analyzed and interpreted. 
Response messages are then passed from the brain through the spinal cord and to the rest of the body.
Both the brain and the spinal cord are encased in bone.

4. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 2
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 2.6 Explain the difference between sensory and motor neurons
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of the neurons NOT Included in the brain and spinal cord. 
Somatic Nervous System (part of PNS)
AFFERENT NEURONS - Peripheral Neurons collect information from the body and transmit it TOWARD the CNS (sensory)
EFFERENT NEURONS. - Peripheral Neurons transmit information AWAY from the CNS (motor)

5. Parasympathetic Division
2.8 Compare the parasympathetic and sympathetic division of the autonomic system.
Parasympathetic Division
Sympathetic Division
Pupils contract
EYES
Pupils dilate
Increases
SALVATION
Decreases
Dries
SKIN
Perspires
RESPIRATION
Slows
HEART
Accelerates
Activates
DIGESTION
Inhibits
Decrease secretion of stress hormones
ADRENAL GLANDS
Secrete stress hormones

6. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System
Figure 7.25
Slide 7.73
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

7. Autonomic Functioning
Sympathetic – “fight-or-flight”
Response to unusual stimulus
Takes over to increase activities
Remember as the “E” division = exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment
Slide 7.74a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8. Autonomic Functioning
Parasympathetic – housekeeping activites
Conserves energy
Maintains daily necessary body functions
Remember as the “D” division - digestion, defecation, and diuresis
Slide 7.74b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9. Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
Figure 7.24
Slide 7.69
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

10. 2.5 Describe the general functions of the nervous system.
Nervous system and endocrine system are the chief control centers in maintaining body homeostasis.
Nervous system uses electrical signals (nerve impulses) which produce immediate (but short- lived) responses; endocrine system uses chemical signals (hormones) that produce slower ( but long lasting) responses.
Nervous system has 3 major functions:
Sensory input – sensory or afferent neutron detect internal or external changes ( stimuli ) and send the message to the brain or spinal cord.
Integration – interneurons in the brain or spinal cord process and interpret the message from the sensory neurons, and relay the message back to body parts.
Motor output – motor or efferent neurons receive the message from interneuron and produce a response at the effector organ (a muscle or a gland).

11. Nerve Tissue Nerve tissue is composed of 2 main types of cells:
Neurons- nerve cells that are specialized to detect and react to stimuli, by generating and conducting nerve impulses.
Neuroglial cells- accessory cells for filling spaces and supporting neurons.
Microscopic anatomy of neurons
All neurons have a cell body called soma which contains a nucleus, organelles, and a modified endoplasmic reticulum called Nissl body.
Although there is DNA in the neuron, somehow DNA replication and mitosis do not occur, resulting in the neurons lack of ability to reproduce or regenerate.

12. 2.3 Draw and label a diagram of the structure of a motor neuron.

13. Neurons
Extensions of the soma form nerve such as dendrites which conduct nerve impulses toward the soma, and axon which conducts nerve impulses away from the soma (to another neuron, or to an effect or organ).
The number of dendrites ranges from 1 ( in unipolar and bipolar neurons) to thousands ( in multipolar neurons).
All neurons only contain 1 axon.
Longer axons are enclosed by a lipoprotein substance called myelin sheath produced by type of neuroglial cells called schwann cells.

14. Classification of Neurons
Classification based on structure:
unipolar neuron - a single nerve fiber is extended from the soma, and it divides into a dendrite and an axon (sensory neurons that conduct reflexes or detect various stimuli).
bipolar neuron - a dendrite and an axon extend from the soma independently (sensory neurons involved in special senses such as vision, olfaction, and hearing).
multiple neuron - one axon and many dendrites extend from the soma (interneurons located inside the brain and spinal cord).

15. 2.1 Classify neurons as afferent, efferent, or interneurons.
classification based on function:
sensory or afferent neuron: - conducts nerve impulses from the body to the brain or spinal cord. - endings of its dendrite may be modified to become nerve receptors. - usually unipolar in structure.
interneuron: - relays nerve impulse from sensory neuron to motor neuron . - located totally inside the tissues of the brain or spinal cord. - involved in the processing and integration in the nervous system. - usually multipolar in structure.
motor or efferent neuron: - conducts nerve impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the effector organ (muscles or glands). - usually multipolar in structure. - accelerator motor neurons cause an increase of activity in the effector organ; while inhibitory motor neurons cause a decrease of activity in the effector organ.

16. 2.9 Diagram a reflex arc using the knee-jerk reflex as an example
Reflex—rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to a stimulus
Occurs over pathways called reflex arcs
Reflex arc—direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector

17. The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a Stimulus at distal end of neuron Skin
Spinal cord
(in cross section)
Interneuron
Receptor
Effector
Sensory neuron
Motor neuron
Integration center
(a)
Figure 7.11a

18. The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a, step 1 Skin
Stimulus at distal end of neuron
Skin
Receptor
(a)
Figure 7.11a, step 1

19. The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a, step 2 Skin
Stimulus at distal end of neuron
Skin
Receptor
Sensory neuron
(a)
Figure 7.11a, step 2

20. The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a, step 3 Skin Spinal cord
Stimulus at distal end of neuron
Skin
Spinal cord
(in cross section)
Interneuron
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Integration center
(a)
Figure 7.11a, step 3

21. The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a, step 4 Skin Spinal cord
Stimulus at distal end of neuron
Skin
Spinal cord
(in cross section)
Interneuron
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Motor neuron
Integration center
(a)
Figure 7.11a, step 4

22. The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a, step 5 Stimulus at distal end of neuron
Skin
Spinal cord
(in cross section)
Interneuron
Receptor
Effector
Sensory neuron
Motor neuron
Integration center
(a)
Figure 7.11a, step 5

23. Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b–c
Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle)
Sensory (afferent) neuron
Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin)
Spinal cord
Sensory (afferent) neuron
Synapse in ventral horn gray matter
Inter- neuron
Motor (efferent) neuron
Motor (efferent) neuron
Effector (quadriceps muscle of thigh)
Effector (biceps brachii muscle)
(b)
(c)
Figure 7.11b–c

24. Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b, step 1
Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle)
Spinal cord
(b)
Figure 7.11b, step 1

25. Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b, step 2
Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle)
Sensory (afferent) neuron
Spinal cord
(b)
Figure 7.11b, step 2

26. Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b, step 3
Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle)
Sensory (afferent) neuron
Spinal cord
Synapse in ventral horn gray matter
(b)
Figure 7.11b, step 3

27. Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b, step 4
Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle)
Sensory (afferent) neuron
Spinal cord
Synapse in ventral horn gray matter
Motor (efferent) neuron
(b)
Figure 7.11b, step 4

28. Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b, step 5
Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle)
Sensory (afferent) neuron
Spinal cord
Synapse in ventral horn gray matter
Motor (efferent) neuron
Effector (quadriceps muscle of thigh)
(b)
Figure 7.11b, step 5

29. Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11c, step 1
Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin)
Spinal cord
(c)
Figure 7.11c, step 1

30. Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11c, step 2
Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin)
Spinal cord
Sensory (afferent) neuron
(c)
Figure 7.11c, step 2

31. Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11c, step 3
Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin)
Spinal cord
Sensory (afferent) neuron
Inter- neuron
(c)
Figure 7.11c, step 3

32. Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11c, step 4a
Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin)
Spinal cord
Sensory (afferent) neuron
Inter- neuron
Motor (efferent) neuron
(c)
Figure 7.11c, step 4a

33. Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11c, step 4b
Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin)
Spinal cord
Sensory (afferent) neuron
Inter- neuron
Motor (efferent) neuron
Effector (biceps brachii muscle)
(c)
Figure 7.11c, step 4b

34. Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b–c
Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle)
Sensory (afferent) neuron
Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin)
Spinal cord
Sensory (afferent) neuron
Synapse in ventral horn gray matter
Inter- neuron
Motor (efferent) neuron
Motor (efferent) neuron
Effector (quadriceps muscle of thigh)
Effector (biceps brachii muscle)
(b)
(c)
Figure 7.11b–c

35. 2.1 Compare how a nerve impulse passes along a non-myelinated neuron and myelinated neuron.

36. 2.12 Describe the function of a named neurotransmitter

37. The Architecture of the Brain
The Forebrain
The forebrain is the largest and most highly developed part of the human brain: it consists primarily of the cerebrum and the structures hidden beneath it  
It is the source of intellectual activities. It holds your memories, allows you to plan, enables you to imagine and think. It allows you to recognize friends, read books, and play games.

38. The Architecture of the Brain
The Midbrain
The uppermost part of the brainstem is the midbrain, which controls some reflex actions and is part of the circuit involved in the control of eye movements and other voluntary movements.

39. The Architecture of the Brain
The Hindbrain
The hindbrain includes the upper part of the spinal cord, the brain stem, and a wrinkled ball of tissue called the cerebellum
The hindbrain controls the body’s vital functions such as respiration and heart rate. The cerebellum coordinates movement and is involved in learned rote movements

40. 2.11 Categorize the regions of the adult brain and general function of each.
Objective: Create matching cards with image on one card and function on the other
Parts of the Brain:
1. Medulla
2. Pons
3. Reticular Activating System
4. Cerebellum
5. Thalamus
6. Hypothalamus
7. Pituitary Gland
8. Amygdala
9. Hippocampus
10. Occipital Lobe
11. Parietal Lobe
12. Temporal Lobe
13. Frontal Lobe
Instructions:
Cut out pictures of brain
Color or highlight one of the areas of the brain
Paste the picture onto one piece of cardstock
Write the function of that area of the brain onto another piece of cardstock
Repeat with the other areas of the brain