1. FACULTY OF MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES COURSE:BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES TOPIC: SPEECH DISORDERS FACILITATOR;DR ISACK LEMA

2. PRESENTERS ISACK SUGA (14-16)AYOUB EZEKIEL TUYA (1-4) HAJI MOHAMMED NJAYO (19-21) ESTELA MWAKAGENDA (8-9) JESSE MAGALI MNYUNE (5-6) THERESIA GODHARD PUNJA (17-18) STELA FANUEL MAHIDA (10-11) GRACE PATRICK MBANGA (12-13) TUBULU NEBASI MASIAYA (7)

3. INTRODUCTION. DEFINITION OF TERMS SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES MAIN PRESENTATION SUMMARY CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS REFFERENCES TABLE OF CONTENTS:

4. INTRODUCTION: Speech disorder, a condition when a person is unable to produce speech sounds correctly or fluently or has problems with his or her voice. But it’s inconvenience to talk about speech disorder without considering Language disorder “Aphasia”, it can be receptive disorder or expressive disorder. Stroke is most cause of Language disorder.

5. Apraxia, is a motor speech disorder, the message from the brain to the mouth are disrupted, and the person can not move his or her tongue or lips to the right place to say sounds correctly. Aphasia, is the language disorders which categorized to receptive and expressive disorder. Dysarthria, Motor speech disorder, results from impaired movement of the muscles used for speech production. Stuttering, Affects the fluency of speech, it begins during childhood and some cases, lasts throughout life. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS:

6. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES Speech disorder for adults Apraxia Dysarthria Stuttering Orofacial Myofunctional Disorders (OMD) Vocal cord nodules and pulps Vocal cord paralysis Paradoxical vocal fold movement Spasmodic Dysphonia At the end of this presentation we shall all know:

7. Speech disorder speech disorder together with language disorder is divided into two categories for easy comprehension. So there are problems which occur to Adults and to Children. So there are, Speech disorders for Adults and Childhood Speech disorders.

8. Adults face many difficulties of Speech, some of them are discussed: APRAXIA OF SPEECH Is a motor speech disorder, the message from the brain to the mouth are disrupted, and the person can not move his or her lips or tongue to the right place to say sounds correctly, even the severity of Apraxia depends on the brain damage. Individual with Apraxia of speech know what they want to say, but their brain have difficulties coordinating the muscles movement necessary to say all the sounds in words. Speech disorder for Adults

9. Symptoms of Apraxia of Speech - Difficult imitating and producing speech sounds, Inconsistent speech error, groping of the tongue, slow speech rate, impaired rhythm and prosody, better automatic speech (e.g. greetings) than purposeful speech. Causes of Apraxia of speech - Stroke, Traumatic brain Injury, Dementia, Brain tumor, progressive neurological disorders. Treatment: SLP provides planning exercise of the muscles of the speech, tongue and lips to patients by speaking slowly word to word. Con t.…

10. DYSARTHRIA: Motor speech disorder, results from impaired movement of the muscles used for speech production, including the lips, tongue, vocal folds, and /or diaphragm. The severity of this depends much on part of the nervous system is affected. Symptoms: Slurred/choppy or mumbled speech that my be difficult to understand, slow rate of speech, rapid rate of speech with a mumbling quality, limited tongue, lip and jaw movement, abnormal pitch and rhythm when speaking, changes in voice quality. Con t.…

11. Causes of Dysarthria: Damage to the brain, this may occur at birth, as in cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy or may occur later in life due to one of many different conditions that involve nervous system, - stroke, brain injury, tumors, parkison’s disease, ALS, Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis. Treatment: As for Apraxia, also the SLP try to provide regular exercise to the patients for speaking. Con t.…

12. STUTTERING: Most of us we are victim of this condition, indeed when we speak in front of the mass, this affect the fluency of speech, it begins during childhood and in some cases, lasts throughout life. The disorder is characterized by disrupted in production of speech sounds also called “disfluencies” Con t.…

13. Voice disorders We have all experienced problems with our voices, times when the voice is hoarse or when sound will not come out at all. Colds, allergies, bronchitis, exposure to irritants such as Ammonia, cheering for your favorite sports team can results in a loss of voice. Types of voice disorders - Vocal cord nodules and pulps - Vocal cord paralysis - Paradoxical vocal fold movement - Spasmodic Dysphonia Con t.…

14. Children face many difficulties of Speech, some of them are discussed: Childhood Apraxia of Speech Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a motor speech disorder. Children with CAS have problems saying sounds, syllables, and words. This is not because of muscle weakness or paralysis. The brain has problems planning to move the body parts (e.g., lips, jaw, tongue) needed for speech. The child knows what he or she wants to say, but his/her brain has difficulty coordinating the muscle movements necessary to say those words. Childhood Speech disorder

15. SYMPTOMS Not all children with CAS are the same. All of the signs and symptoms listed below may not be present in every child. It is important to have your child evaluated by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) who has knowledge of CAS to rule out other causes of speech problems. General things to look for include the following: A Very Young Child - Does not coo or babble as an infant - First words are late, and they may be missing sounds - Only a few different consonant and vowel sounds - Problems combining sounds; may show long pauses between sounds - Simplifies words by replacing difficult sounds with easier ones or by deleting difficult sounds (although all children do this, the child with apraxia of speech does so more often) - May have problems eating Con t.…

16. An Older Child - Makes inconsistent sound errors that are not the result of immaturity - Can understand language much better than he or she can talk - Has difficulty imitating speech, but imitated speech is more clear than spontaneous speech - May appear to be groping when attempting to produce sounds or to coordinate the lips, tongue, and jaw for purposeful movement - Has more difficulty saying longer words or phrases clearly than shorter ones - Appears to have more difficulty when he or she is anxious Is hard to understand, especially for an unfamiliar listener Sounds choppy, monotonous, or stresses the wrong syllable or word Con t.…

17. Dysarthria Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder. It results from impaired movement of the muscles used for speech production, including the lips, tongue, vocal folds, and/or diaphragm. The type and severity of dysarthria depend on which area of the nervous system is affected. SYMPTOMS - "Slurred," "choppy," or "mumbled" speech that may be difficult to understand - Slow rate of speech - Rapid rate of speech with a "mumbling" quality - Limited tongue, lip, and jaw movement - Abnormal pitch and rhythm when speaking - Changes in voice quality, such as hoarse or breathy voice or speech that sounds "nasal" or "stuffy" Con t.…

18. Orofacial Myofunctional Disorders (OMD) With OMD, the tongue moves forward in an exaggerated way during speech and/or swallowing. The tongue may lie too far forward during rest or may protrude between the upper and lower teeth during speech and swallowing, and at rest. What are some signs or symptoms of OMD? Although a "tongue thrust" swallow is normal in infancy, it usually decreases and disappears as a child grows. If the tongue thrust continues, a child may look, speak, and swallow differently than other children of the same age. Older children may become self-conscious about their appearance. What causes OMD? The following may cause OMD: - allergies - enlarged tonsils and adenoids - excessive thumb or finger sucking, lip and fingernail biting, lip picking, and teeth clenching and grinding - family heredity Con t.…

19. SUMMARY It’s true that most of the people suffer from speech disorders, some of they are aware of it and other they are not aware of it. So its important for medical personnel to come across these difficulties and find out ways for helping these people.

20. CONCLUSION Conclusively, Speech disorder is broad term and may results into many abnormalities to an individual. Many studies should be conducted to find out solution for treating it, for instance more behavioral studies should be carried out for treating speech disorders such as stuttering, and mostly this should be carried by psychologist.

21.  “A.C.P Sims and W.I. Hume Lecture Notes on Behavioral Science”  “National Speech Disorder Association of America”