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Published byAvis Palmer Modified over 8 years ago
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350 ml 350 ml 350 ml 350 ml 350 ml Impact and ways of prevention of stress on early and adequate intake of colostrum Brno – July
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Introduction Sufficient and early colostrum intake is decisive for:
Piglet survival Piglet development Colostrum provides: Energy Thermo regulation homeostasis during the first 24 hours Growth and movement Protection against infections until full activation of the immune system Colostrum is the only source of IgG in neonatal piglets Energy reserve and requirements until 24 h after birth (Le Dividich et al., 2005)
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Colostrum provides energy
Energie reserve in neo natals piglet lam baby Glycogen Liver (g/kg LG) 2.5 1.5 3.8 Muscle (g/kg LG) 12.2 9.6 6 Available energy (kcal/kg LG) 60 46 40 Fat Total reserve (g/kg LG) 11 25 150 42 112 1301 Total energy reserve at birth (kcal/kg LG) 102 157 1341
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Sow colostrum production INRA: Devillers 2006
Average 3.7 kg per sow ( ) Independent of litter size Parity = more colostrum production High avg. birth weight = more colostrum production Uniform birth weight = more colostrum production
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Colostrum intake Relation birth weight / colostrum intake first 24 u. INRA: Devillers 2006 Average 300 g Average = 1.34 kg
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Sow colostrum production INRA: Devillers 2006
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Colostrum distribution
Devillers 2004 and 2007: Minimum need = 170 g/kg BW, avg. consumption = 290 g/kg BW, Colostrum yield = kg, independent of litter size Colostrum distribution becomes critical especially in hyper prolific breeds
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Partus succes criteria
Good gestation length ( days) for: Mature piglets (minimal dead and weak born piglets) Developed udder and sufficient high quality colostrum 10% sows farrow < day 114, 10% sows farrow > day 117 (1) Partus length: 2 to 4 hours is normal Long partus = more dead and weak born piglets Calm and healthy sow and piglets with good vitality Colostrum volume and quality Suckling ability piglet Accessibility to the colostrum (1) C. Vanderhaeghe, 2010
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Partus succes criteria
Sows often show abnormal behavior at farrowing Aggressive (mainly first litter sows) Restless (sitting and standing) Belly position Abnormal behavior impairs the fast transfer of colostrum from sow to piglet
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Measuring colostrum distribution
Classical measuring methods Involves piglet and/or sow manipulation Manipulation impacts behavior of sow and piglet Need for a non disruptive method: The IgG titre, measured after the phase of IgG passage trough the gut can be used a measure for colostrum intake (1) Piglet serum IgG concentration at 3 days of age (at tail docking) depends on: Volume of colostrum intake Concentration of IgG in colostrum Moment of colostrum intake (gut closure after hours) (1) J.P. Nielson, 2008 Gut Closure Klobasa, 1987
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Materials and Methods Commercial sow farm, 1600 sows
220 litters included (parity 1 and 2) Day time litters received 320 mg azaperone im at expulsion of placenta. Night time litters were not treated Tail docking procedure standard at 3 days of age Blood drop from tail end sufficient for testing Photo: Marrit van Engen
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Materials and Methods 6 piglets per litter were sampled (no fostered piglets) DAS-ELISA (Colostrum Quality CounterTM) Absolute IgG serum concentration in mg/ml Standard deviation/litter average = Coefficient of Variance (CV IgG) as a measure for colostrum distribution Relevant reproductive data retrieved from the farm data recording system
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Results CV IgG ranges from 18 to 208% (avg. 55%), showing an important variation in colostrum distribution between sows Mortality rate and litter size are highly correlated (p<0.0001) Within the same litter size, survival rate is positively correlated with better colostrum distribution (low CV IgG) CV IgG Number of litters Piglets with the sow Mortality (%) ≤ 50% (avg. 36%) 117 12.5 5.1a > 50% (avg. 76%) 103 12.6 7.7b ab: difference with p-value of J. Jourquin, O.262 IPVS 2010
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Results Impact of litter size on IgG distribution and piglet mortality
J. Jourquin, O.128 IPVS 2010
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Results Mortality rate increases with litter size (p < 0.0001)
Up to 13 piglets, mortality rate is low ≥ 16 piglets, mortality rate doubles Variation in IgG levels increases with litter size Up to 11 piglets: CV IgG below 0.50 ≥ 14 piglets: CV IgG increases to over 0.70
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Conclusion IgG serum concentration in 3 day old piglets can be used to estimate the colostrum distribution within the litter Increased litter size results in higher piglet loss and has a negative impact on colostrum distribution In hyper prolific sow herds, good colostrum management is crucial to allow all piglets to get their share of the available colostrum Further trials focus on methods to improve the colostrum distribution in bigger litters
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Can we improve colostrum transfer?
At partus sows often show stress related behavior This behavior ranges from increased alertness over unrest to aggressiveness, resulting in: direct piglet mortality (cannibalism, crushing) impaired colostrum intake, when the sow does not allow the piglet to drink. This stress can be controlled with azaperone Treatment: 2 mg/kg LW azaperone IM (8 ml Stresnil® ) at the moment of expulsion of the placenta
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Improving sow behavior
0 hours 6 hours AZA (n=69) Control (n=81) Calm 68% 78% 87% 69% Alert 20% 14% 13% 27% Stressed 12% 9% 0% 4% p-value 0.2121 0.0078 AZA = azaperone I. Vanthillo, 2007 (P.887 IPVS 2010)
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Facilitating nursing behavior
What is the effect on suckling behavior of the piglets? Less treated sows lie on their belly at 4 hours after farrowing (14% versus 27%) E. Zotti, P.887 IPVS 2010
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Facilitating nursing behavior
Effect of treatment on colostrum distribution Treatment Number of litters Piglets born alive IgG (mg/ml) CV IgG SD CV IgG Non treated 95 12.2 6.92 0.55a 0.32 Azaperone 98 13.0 6.46 0.47b 0.20 ab: difference with p-value of 0.07 J. Biermann, P.881, 2010
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Facilitating nursing behavior
Impact of litter size on the CV IgG J. Biermann, P.881 IPVS2010
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Discussion Bigger litters call for
a higher colostrum yield an optimal transfer from sow to piglet An even distribution of colostrum amongst litter mates positively affects piglets survival piglets vitality accessibility of colostrum Physically (teat quality, positioning and spacing) Practically (position and behavior of the sow)
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Conclusion Piglet mortality is significantly reduced when colostrum distribution improves, irrespective of litter size Good colostrum management implies all measures that increase the accessibility of the piglet to the udder during the first (24) hours An injection of azaperone at the moment of expulsion of the placenta improves the distribution of the colostrum
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Data and insights from practice
Treatment 320mg azaperone IM injection = 8mL Stresnil® per sow When placenta is expelled Positive results from: Different genetics Different geographic and climatologic situations Different management approaches Best results in younger sows (up to parity 3)
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Meta-analysis 11 farms, 998 sows, 11647 piglets
Azaperone Untreated p-value Number sows 502 496 Piglets alive at start 11.72 11.62 NS Birth weight (kg) 1.39 1.41 Piglets weaned 10.25 10.18 Mortality (%) 12.6% 12.4% Weaning weight (24d) (kg) 6.84 6.71 p<0.02 % piglets reaching 6 kg at 24d 70.6% 66.5% p<0.01 Litter weight gain (24d) (kg) 53.54 51.73 p<0.04 J. Jourquin, ESPHM 2011
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Meta-analysis 11 farms, 998 sows, 11647 piglets
J. Jourquin, ESPHM 2011
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Meta-analysis 11 farms, 998 sows, 11647 piglets
J. Jourquin, ESPHM 2011
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Meta-analysis 11 farms, 998 sows, 11647 piglets
J. Jourquin, ESPHM 2011
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Meta-analysis 11 farms, 998 sows, 11647 piglets
J. Jourquin, ESPHM 2011
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BRAZIL (Integrall) All parity Stresnil® Control Number of sows 80
Piglets Born Alive 11.3 11.4 Mortality % 4.8% 5.3% Birth weight (kg) 1.51 1.50 Weight Gain (21d) 4.89a 4.75b ab: p < 0.05
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BRAZIL (Integrall) TREATMENT WEIGHT Day 63 FEED INTAKE (kg) FCR
CONTROL 24.26 29.26a 1.61a STRESNIL 24.46 28.12b 1.54b ab: p < 0.05
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Conclusion There are critical situations where the use of Stresnil® at expulsion of placenta has a benefit for piglet, sow and farmer: Units with high early mortality rates Young parity sows mainly Nervous breeds Survival benefit up to 15 born alive Development benefit for all litters Vet and farmer should be able to decide together if, for lack of realistic alternatives, the use of a sedative compensates against its welfare and production bonus
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