1. + Transcription and Translation

2. + Central Dogma DNARNAProtein transcription translation

3. + Central Dogma

4. + DNA vs. RNA DNARNA Base pairs: ATGC (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine) Base Pairs: AUGC (Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine) Deoxyribose sugarRibose sugar Phosphate group Double stranded, in helixSingle stranded OH

5. + Transcription Transcription is the process of turning the information in DNA into mRNA Why does the cell want to do transcription? So it can eventually make a protein!

6. + Transcription: Step by Step 1. DNA “unzips”: enzymes breaks bonds between A – T and G – C 2. Two strands of DNA are formed (coding and non- coding) 3. Enzyme reads DNA base pairs and adds new nucleotides to match the base pair (Uracil in place of Thymine = A – U and G – C)

7. + Transcription: Step by Step 3’3’ 3’3’ 5’5’ 5’5’

8. +

9. + How does the enzyme (RNA Polymerase) know where to start in the long string of DNA and where to end? Promoters: a sequence of bases that indicate a start point Terminators: a sequence of bases that indicate an end point Transcription

10. + Translation The process of turning the information in mRNA into a protein. To do so, the mRNA must be exported out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm

11. + Translation: Step by Step 1. First codon (3 base pair combination) of mRNA strand attaches to a ribosome 2. tRNA carrying a specific amino acid, approaches ribosome 3. Enzyme helps tRNA anti-codon to pair with codon on mRNA 4. tRNA remains with amino acid attached to it 5. Next codon on mRNA slides along ribosome. Steps 2-5 repeat continually until end.

12. + Translation: Step by Step

13. + Translation

14. +

15. + You Try: TypeSequence DNAT T A G C A C G A A T T mRNA tRNA Protein

16. + You Try: Type Sequence DNAT T A G C A C G A A T T mRNAA A U C G U G C U U A A tRNA Protein

17. + You Try: TypeSequence DNAT T A G C A C G A A T T mRNAA A U C G U G C U U A A tRNAU U A G C A C G A A U U Protein

18. + You Try: TypeSequence DNAT T A G C A C G A A T T mRNAA A U C G U G C U U A A tRNAU U A G C A C G A A U U ProteinAsparagine – Arginine – Alanine