1. The respiratory system consists of the lungs and breathing. It has 2 main functions: To bring oxygen into our body, transport to the working muscles Carbon Dioxide produced by the muscles must be cleared and removed from the body

2. Link between Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems The Vascular System Transports oxygen around the body’s tissues and carbon dioxide to the lungs The Respiratory System Supplies oxygen to meet demands & removes carbon dioxide The Heart Acts as a dual pump Oxygen-rich blood transported to the working muscles Deoxygenated blood but high in carbon dioxide to the lungs

3. How the respiratory system works Discuss: In what order does the air flow take once we breathe into our nose?

4. The nasal passages and lungs Air is drawn into the body via the nose or mouth. There are advantages to breathing through your nose: Air then travels through the larynx, trachea (windpipe), bronchi (one bronchus to each lung) and bronchioles to the alveoli, where oxygen passes into the bloodstream. the air is warmed so that it is closer to body temperature tiny hairs and mucus in the nose filter the air, preventing larger dust and pollen particles reaching the alveoli mucus moistens the air, making it easier for the alveoli to absorb.

5. The respiratory system

7. How the respiratory system works You tube link… BreathingBreathing

8. When you breathe in: intercostal muscles between the ribs contract, pulling the chest walls up and out the diaphragm muscle below the lungs contracts and flattens, increasing the size of the chest the lungs increase in size, so the pressure inside them falls. This causes air to rush in through the nose or mouth. Mechanisms of breathing – inspiration Diaphragm contracts and moves down Intercostal muscles pull ribs up and out

9. Mechanisms of breathing – inspiration

10. Mechanisms of breathing – expiration When you breathe out: Intercostal muscles between the ribs relax so that the chest walls move in and down. The diaphragm muscle below the lungs relaxes and bulges up, reducing the size of the chest. The lungs decrease in size, so the pressure inside increases and air is pushed up the trachea and out through the nose or mouth. Diaphragm relaxes and bulges up Ribs move in and down

11. Mechanisms of breathing – expiration

12. Measuring breathing Tidal volume is the amount you breathe in and out in one normal breath. (at rest aprrox 500ml) Respiratory rate is how many breaths you take per minute. How many times do you breathe? Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air you can breathe out after breathing in as much as you can. Use Peak Flow Meter to calculate

13. During exercise Video - during exercise

14. Calculating minute ventilation If you breathe 14 times in one minute (respiratory rate) and you breathe 0.5 litres in each breath, what is your minute ventilation? Answer: TV x f Minute ventilation = 14 × 0.5 litres = 7.0 litres Remember: You can calculate a person’s minute ventilation by multiplying the volume of air they breathe in one breath, by their respiratory (breathing) rate. VE = TV x f Minute ventilation is the volume of air you breathe in one minute. (VE)

15. Composition of inhaled and exhaled air Gas Amount in inhaled air Amount in exhaled air Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Water vapour 17% 4% 79% Large amount 21% 0.04% 79% Small amount What are the main differences between inhaled and exhaled air?

16. Gas exchange at the alveoli The alveoli are bunches of tiny air sacks inside the lungs. Each individual sack is called an alveolus. When you breathe in, they fill with air. The alveoli are covered in tiny capillaries (blood vessels). Gases can pass through the thin walls of each alveolus and capillary, and into the blood stream. Gases can also pass from the blood stream, into the alveolus.

17. Gas exchange at the alveoli

18. GAS TRANSPORT oxygen diffuses from alveolus across the alveolar wall, respiratory membrane, and capillary wall towards red blood cells carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction from the red blood cell and from blood plasma to the alveolus Video 1 video gaseous exchange

19. Breathing during exercise During exercise the muscle cells use up more oxygen and produce increased amounts of carbon dioxide. Your lungs and heart have to work harder to supply the extra oxygen and remove the carbon dioxide. Your breathing rate increases and you breathe more deeply. Heart rate also increases in order to transport the oxygenated blood to the muscles.

20. Breathing during exercise Muscle cell respiration increases – more oxygen is used up and levels of CO 2 rise. The brain detects increasing levels of CO 2 – a signal is sent to the lungs to increase breathing. Breathing rate and the volume of air in each breath increase. This means that more gaseous exchange takes place. The brain also tells the heart to beat faster so that more blood is pumped to the lungs for gaseous exchange. More oxygenated blood gets to the muscles and more CO 2 is removed.

21. Breathing changes during exercise During restDuring exercise Respiratory rate14 breaths/ minute32 breaths/ minute Volume per breath 0.4 litres2.4 litres Minute volume?? Look at these statistics for a 16 year-old athlete: Calculate the athlete’s minute volumes during rest and exercise. Rest minute volume = 5.6 litres Exercise minute volume = 76.8 litres You do not need to remember this

22. Respiration Glucose from food is used to fuel exercise. Respiration is the process that takes place in living cells which releases energy from food molecules. Waste products, including carbon dioxide, are produced as a result of the chemical reactions. These must be removed and excreted. glucose oxygen energy respiration Oxygen is required to ‘break down’ the glucose to produce energy. This energy is used to make muscles contract.

23. Aerobic respiration Aerobic exercise can be maintained for long periods without the performer getting breathless or suffering muscle cramps. Moderate activities like walking, jogging, cycling and swimming use aerobic respiration. There are two different types of respiration. When you exercise at a steady, comfortable rate, the cardiovascular system is able to supply the muscles with all the oxygen they need. Under these conditions, aerobic respiration takes place. glucose+ oxygen energy carbon dioxide ++ water

24. Anaerobic respiration When you exercise at a high intensity, the cardiovascular system cannot supply enough oxygen to the muscles. Under these conditions, anaerobic respiration takes place. With no oxygen available, glucose is burned to produce energy and lactic acid. Lactic acid is a mild poison. As it builds up, it causes muscle pain and eventually cramp. Short, intense activities like sprinting, weightlifting, jumping and throwing use anaerobic respiration. glucose energy+ lactic acid

25. Oxygen debt After anaerobic activity, oxygen is needed to neutralize the lactic acid. This is called an oxygen debt. It is repaid after exercise. The oxygen reacts with the lactic acid to form CO 2 and water. Rapid and deep breathing is needed for a short period after high intensity exercise in order to repay the debt. This also helps to remove the carbon dioxide which accumulates in the blood during intense exercise.

26. The effects of exercise on lung structures The respiratory muscles (the diaphragm and intercostals) get stronger, so they can make the chest cavity larger. This larger chest cavity means more air can be inspired, therefore increasing your vital capacity. More capillaries form around the alveoli, so more gaseous exchange can take place. In the long-term, regular exercise strengthens the respiratory system. Gas exchange can now take place more quickly meaning exercise can be maintained at a higher intensity for longer.

27. Exam-style questions 1.Describe the passage of oxygen from the nasal passages to the bloodstream. 2.David goes jogging once a week for 45 minutes. David tries to increase his pace. He finds that he is forced to stop running and breathe hard for several minutes. a)List two differences between the air that David inhales and the air that he exhales while jogging. b)What two substances are used by David’s body cells to produce energy? What are the products of this reaction? c)Explain why David had to stop. d)How did breathing hard help him to recover?

28. Can you remember all these keywords? Larynx Trachea Bronchus / Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Diaphragm Intercostal muscles Oxygen uptake Respiratory rate Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration Oxygen debt Lactic acid