1. psychology fourth edition Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 social psychology

2. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Psychology and Conformity Social psychology looks at behavior and mental processes but also includes the social world in which we exist, as we are surrounded by others to whom we are connected and by whom we are influenced in so many ways. LO 11.1 Factors Affecting Conformity

3. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Psychology and Conformity Social influence: the process through which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an individual LO 11.1 Factors Affecting Conformity

4. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Psychology and Conformity Conformity: chan ging one’s own behavior to match that of other people -Muzafer Sherif’s study of conformity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DoIxN6B4 PQ -Solomon Asch’s study of conformity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYIh4MkcfJ A LO 11.1 Factors Affecting ConformityAP: Identify Important Figures

5. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.1 Stimuli Used in Asch’s Study Participants in Asch’s famous study on conformity were first shown the standard line. They were then shown the three comparison lines and asked to determine to which of the three was the standard line most similar. Which line would you pick? What if you were one of several people, and everyone who answered ahead of you chose line 3? How would that affect your answer? Source: Adapted from Asch (1956).

6. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Groupthink and Compliance Groupthink: occurs when people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned LO 11.1 Factors Affecting Conformity

7. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

8. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Group Behavior Group polarization: members involved in a group discussion tend to take somewhat more extreme positions and suggest riskier actions when than do individuals who have not participated in a group discussion LO 11.1 Factors Affecting ConformityAP: Structure and Function of Group Behavior

9. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Group Behavior Social facilitation: positive influence of others on performance Social impairment: negative influence of others on performance –social loafing: people who are lazy tend not to do as well when other people are also working on the same task, but they can do quite well when working on their own  easier to hide laziness when working in a group LO 11.1 Factors Affecting Conformity AP: Structure and Function of Group Behavior How the Presence of Others Impacts Behavior

10. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Group Behavior Deindividuation: a lessening of one’s sense of personal identity and personal responsibility –groups or crowds can offer a sense of anonymity LO 11.1 Factors Affecting ConformityAP: Structure and Function of Group Behavior

11. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Compliance Compliance: changing one’s behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change Consumer psychology: branch of psychology that studies the habits of consumers in the marketplace, including compliance LO 11.2 Ways to Gain Compliance

12. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Gaining Compliance Foot-in-the-door technique: asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger commitment Door-in-the-face technique: asking for a large commitment and then, after being refused, asking for a smaller commitment Lowball technique: getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost of that commitment LO 11.2 Ways to Gain Compliance

13. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomy of Cult Persons who are stressed, dependent, unrealistically idealistic are targeted as recruits for cults “Love bombing” Small commitments at first Leaving is difficult, deprogramming sometimes needed 90% eventually leave cult LO 11.2 Ways to Gain Compliance

14. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Obedience Obedience: changing one’s behavior at the command of an authority figure Milgram study: “teacher” administered what he or she thought were real shocks to a “learner” –participants consistently follow orders to administer apparently painful shocks https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOYLCy5PV gM LO 11.3 Making Obedience More LikelyAP: Identify Important Figures

15. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.2 Control Panel in Milgram’s Experiment In Stanley Milgram’s classic study on obedience, the participants were presented with a control panel like this one. Each participant (“teacher”) was instructed to give electric shocks to another person (the “learner,” who only pretended to be shocked). At what point do you think you would have refused to continue the experiment?

16. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

17. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. What does the Milgram Study depict about Obedience? How does the location/setting of the experiment have an effect when it comes to obedience to authority? How does location/setting of the experimenter have an effect when it comes to obedience to authority? How does Milgram control the variable of shock in the study?

18. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Effects of the Milgram Experiment The experimenter caused questions of different aspects of human behavior Raised questions about ethics of experiments- many of the “teachers” in Milgram experiment were quite emotionally upset that they were deceived APA has changed ethical standards for experiments because of Milgram experiment All experiments are carefully screnned by independent research committes, informed consent prior to the experiment and a debriefing session -Debriefing- a procedure conducted at the end of an experiment to reveal the details of the study so that participants do not leave feeling upset or confused - This study was replicated in 2009 by Jerry Burger (150 volts)- has received criticism for being to different from the original study but has yielded similar results

19. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Attitudes Attitude: a tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain person, object, idea, or situation Three components of an attitude: 1.the affective (emotional) component 2.the behavioral component 3.the cognitive component LO 11.4 Components of, Formation of, and Changes in Attitude AP: Attitudes and How They Change

20. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.3 Three Components of an Attitude Attitudes consist of the way a person feels and thinks about something, as well as the way the person chooses to behave. If you like country music, you are also likely to think that country music is good music. You are also more likely to listen to this style of music, buy this type of music, and even go to a performance. Each of the three components influences the other two.

21. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Attitudes Attitudes are often poor predictors of behavior unless the attitude is very specific or very strong LO 11.4 Components of, Formation of, and Changes in AttitudeAP: Attitudes and How They Change

22. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Formation of Attitudes Direct contact with the person, situation, object, or idea Direct instruction from parents or others Interacting with other people who hold a certain attitude Vicarious conditioning: watching the actions and reactions of others to ideas, people, objects, and situations LO 11.4 Components of, Formation of, and Changes in Attitude AP: Attitudes and How They Change

23. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Persuasion Persuasion: the process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, position, or course of action of another person through argument, pleading, or explanation –key elements in persuasion are the source of the message, the message itself, the target audience, and the medium LO 11.4 Components of, Formation of, and Changes in AttitudeAP: Attitude Formation and Change

24. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Persuasion Elaboration Likelihood Model –people will either elaborate on the persuasive message or fail to elaborate on it –the future actions of those who do elaborate are more predictable than those who do not LO 11.4 Components of, Formation of, and Changes in Attitude AP: Attitude Formation and Change

25. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Persuasion Elaboration Likelihood Model (cont’d) –central-route processing: involves attending to the content of the message itself –peripheral-route processing: involves attending to factors not involved in the message, such as the expertise of the source of the message, the length of the message, and other non-content factors LO 11.4 Components of, Formation of, and Changes in Attitude AP: Attitude Formation and Change

26. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive dissonance: sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to that person’s impression –lessened by changing the conflicting behavior, changing the conflicting attitude, or forming a new attitude to justify the behavior –Festinger & Carlsmith’s research LO 11.5 When Attitudes Do Not Match ActionsAP: Identify Important Figures

27. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Categorizaion Impression formation: forming of the first knowledge a person has about another person –primacy effect: the very first impression one has about a person tends to persist even in the face of evidence to the contrary LO 11.6 Social Categorization and Implicit Personality Theories

28. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Categorization Social categorization: the assignment of a person one has just met to a category based on characteristics the new person has in common with other people with whom one has had experience in the past –stereotype: a set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all members of a particular social category LO 11.6 Social Categorization and Implicit Personality Theories

29. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Implicit Personality Theories Implicit personality theory: sets of assumptions about how different types of people, personality traits, and actions are related to each other –Implicit Association Test (IAT): measures the degree of association between concepts Schemas: mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people –schemas can become stereotypes LO 11.6 Social Categorization and Implicit Personality Theories

30. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Attributions Attribution: the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others Attribution theory: the theory of how people make attributions LO 11.7 How People Explain Others’ ActionsAP: Applying Attribution Theory to Explain Motives

31. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Attributions Situational cause: cause of behavior attributed to external factors: –delays –the action of others –some other aspect of the situation Dispositional cause: cause of behavior attributed to internal factors –personality –character LO 11.7 How People Explain Others’ Actions AP: Applying Attribution Theory to Explain Motives

32. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Attributions Fundamental attribution error: the tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors while underestimating situational factors when evaluating the behavior of others Actor-observer bias: the tendency to use situational attributions instead of personal ones in explaining our own behavior LO 11.7 How People Explain Others’ Actions AP: Applying Attribution Theory to Explain Motives

33. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice: negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group Discrimination: treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong LO 11.8 Prejudice and Discrimination AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment

34. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prejudice and Discrimination Forms of prejudice include ageism, sexism, racism, ethnocentrism, and prejudice against those who are too fat or too thin In-groups: social groups with whom a person identifies; “us” Out-groups: social groups with whom a person does not identify; “them” LO 11.8 Prejudice and Discrimination AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment

35. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Prejudice and Discrimination Scapegoating: tendency to direct prejudice and discrimination at out-group members who have little social power or influence LO 11.8 Prejudice and Discrimination AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment

36. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. How People Learn Prejudice Social cognitive theory: views prejudice as an attitude acquired through direct instruction, modeling, and other social influences Realistic conflict theory: conflict between groups increases prejudice and discrimination LO 11.9 Why People Are Prejudiced and How to Stop It AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment

37. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. How People Learn Prejudice Social identity theory: the formation of a person’s identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison –social identity: the part of the self-concept including one’s view of self as a member of a particular social category –social comparison: the comparison of oneself to others in ways that raise one’s self-esteem LO 11.9 Why People Are Prejudiced and How to Stop It AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment/The Impact of Social and Cultural Categories

38. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. How People Learn Prejudice Stereotype vulnerability: the effect that people’s awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior Self-fulfilling prophecy: the tendency of one’s expectations to affect one’s behavior in such a way as to make the expectation more likely to occur LO 11.9 Why People Are Prejudiced and How to Stop It AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment/The Impact of Behavior on Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

39. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Overcoming Prejudice Equal status contact: contact between groups in which the groups have equal status, with neither group having power over the other LO 11.9 Why People Are Prejudiced and How to Stop It

40. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Overcoming Prejudice “Jigsaw classroom”: educational technique in which each individual is given only part of the information needed to solve a problem, forcing individuals to work together to find the solution LO 11.9 Why People Are Prejudiced and How to Stop It

41. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Attraction Interpersonal attraction: liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person –physical attractiveness –proximity: physical or geographical nearness –people like people who are similar to themselves OR who are different from themselves (complementary) –reciprocity of liking: tendency of people to like other people who like them in return LO 11.10 Factors that Govern Attraction and the Different Forms of Love AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction

42. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Love Love: a strong affection for another person due to kinship, personal ties, sexual attraction, admiration, or common interests Sternberg’s three components of love: 1.intimacy 2.passion 3.commitment LO 11.10 Factors that Govern Attraction and the Different Forms of Love AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction

43. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.5 Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love This diagram represents the seven different kinds of love that can result from combining the three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment. Notice that some of these types of love sound less desirable or positive than others. What is the one key element missing from the less positive types of love? Source: Adapted from Sternberg (1986).

44. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Love Romantic love: consists of intimacy and passion Companionate love: consists of intimacy and commitment Consummate love: ideal love, in which all three components are present LO 11.10 Factors that Govern Attraction and the Different Forms of Love AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction

45. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aggression Aggression: behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person Frustration–aggression hypothesis: aggression is a reaction to frustration Konrad Lorenz saw aggression as an instinct for fighting to promote the survival of our species Biological influences on aggression may include genetics, the amygdala and limbic system, and testosterone and serotonin levels LO 11.11 Biology and Learning Influences on Aggression AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction/How Heredity, Environment, and Evolution Shape Behavior

46. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aggression Social role: the pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is in a particular social position –Zimbardo’s Stanford prison experiment Violence in the media LO 11.11 Biology and Learning Influences on Aggression AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction/Identify Important Figures

47. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Stanford Prison Experiment Philip Zimbardo and 3 colleagues paid student volunteers to participate in an experiment concerned with prison life 24 male college students selected through interviews and questionnaires determined that they were stable and mature Experiment was to last 2 weeks: A “prison” was set up in the basement of a psychology building in Stanford University. It had barred cells and was set up as a prison Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: prisoners and prison guards The prisoners were picked up at their house, arrested, cuffed, fingerprinted and chain and locked around the ankle.\ The prison guards were debriefed and told that they had to maintain order

48. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Within two days, most guards became intoxicated with power and acted cruelly toward prisoners, for no reason Punishments increased as rules were broken (not being able to write letters) Embarrassment, humiliation, pushups, washing toilets, etc Prisoners became stressed and organized escapes Some prisoners had to be released because of emotional stress

49. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Within a week, Zimbardo ended the experiment Zimbardo, “We were horrified because we saw some boys (guards) treat others as if they were despicable animals, taking pleasure in cruelty, while other boys (prisoners) became servile, dehumanized robots thought only of escape, of their own individual survival and of their mounting hatred for the guards” Subjects were given therapy immediately after and were kept in touch for a year to try to make sure any harmful effects had been eliminated Zimbardo’s experiment shows the importance of social roles in society https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RpDVFp3FM_4

50. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Altruism Prosocial behavior: socially desirable behavior that benefits others Altruism: prosocial behavior that is done with no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself The temporoparietal junction (TPJ) is larger in individuals who make altruistic choices LO 11.12 Altruism and Deciding to Help OthersAP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction

51. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Bystander Effect: Kitty Genovese Bystander effect: the effect that the presence of other people has on the decision to help or not help –help becomes less likely as the number of bystanders increases LO 11.12 Altruism and Deciding to Help Others AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction/The Impact of the Presence of Others on Behavior

52. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.6 Elements Involved in Bystander Response In a classic experiment, participants were filling out surveys as the room began to fill with smoke. As you can see in the accompanying graph, the time taken to report smoke and the percentage of people reporting smoke both depended on how many people were in the room at the time the smoke was observed. If a person was alone, he or she was far more likely to report the smoke and report it more quickly than when there were three people. Source: Latané & Darle (1969).

53. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Bystander Effect: Kitty Genovese Diffusion of responsibility: a person fails to take responsibility for action or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility LO 11.12 Altruism and Deciding to Help Others AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction/The Impact of the Presence of Others on Behavior

54. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diffusion of Responsibility Researchers Latané and Darley found that people who were alone were more likely to help in an emergency than people who were with others –one bystander cannot diffuse responsibility LO 11.12 Altruism and Deciding to Help Others AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction/The Impact of the Presence of Others on Behavior

55. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Diffusion of Responsibility Five steps in making a decision to help –noticing –defining an emergency –taking responsibility –planning a course of action –taking action LO 11.12 Altruism and Deciding to Help Others AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction/The Impact of the Presence of Others on Behavior

56. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

57. Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli J. Noland White © 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social neuroscience Social neuroscience: the study of how our bodies and brains work during social behavior –Temporoparietal Junction (TPJ)  Region of the brain involved in prosocial behavior  Active when trying to predict the actions of a human but not computer opponent  Possible that disorders with social deficits may involve this region of the brain LO 11.13 What is Social Neuroscience?