1. Intro to Ecology The study of ecosystems

2. Levels of organization  Organism – one individual  Population – same species in one area

3. Levels of organization  Population – same species in one area  Community – All the species in an area

4. Levels of organization  Community – All the species in an area  Ecosystem – Biotic and abiotic factors in an area

5. Levels of organization  Ecosystem – Biotic and abiotic factors in an area  Biosphere – Global ecosystem

6. 58.1 Sun Wind and water

7. Abiotic factors Non-living environmental factors  Temperature  Wind – rain shadow  Water  Sunlight  Rocks  Soil

8. Main Climate Factors are  Temperature  Rainfall

9. The Sun and Seasons  The angle of the earth to sun determines seasons

10. Climate  The combination of temperature, rainfall and other abiotic factors

11. Wind  Generated by Sun

12. Coriolis effect  Earth’s rotation turns the winds and currents to the right in N. Hemisphere

13. World winds effect climate

14. Winds effect ocean currents  Currents affect climate  Gulf stream brings warmer water

15. Rain shadow  Windward side – air rises, Rain  Leeward side – air sinks. NO rain

16. Elevation determines climate

17. Terrestrial Biomes Where do you live?

18. Biome  A group of similar ecosystems  Usually defined by the types of plants that grow there, based on climate

19. Climate factors affect plant types 1) Temperatures 2) Rainfall

20. First Biome: Tundra  What is the tundra?  No not this

21. Tundra  Permafrost - permanently frozen ground  Plants: very small plants and shrubs  Animals: caribou, arctic fox, snowshoe hare

22. Taiga (Coniferous forest)  Cold, much winter snow, conifer trees  Plants: cone bearing: pines, firs, spruce  Animals: moose, bear, wolves and lynx

23. Deciduous forest  Temperate, trees lose leaves, lots of rain. Many dormant winter species  Plants: maples, oaks, willow, birch, blueberries  Animals: deer, fox, raccoon, squirrels

24. Grasslands  Temperate, seasonal drought, fires  Mostly grasses, flat, dry, fertile  Plants: wheat, corn, hay, grass  Animals: grazers; bison, prairie dogs

25. Chaparral  Brush land communities along mid latitude coastlines  Plants: spiny shrubs, heat and fire resistant plants  Animals: deer, rodents, lizards, roadrunners

26. Desert  Very little rainfall (< 30 cm/year), hot day, cold night  Plants: store water (CAM plants) cactus, sage bush, creosote bush  Animals: lizards, snakes, kit foxes, road runner

27. Some desert mice NEVER drink  Kangaroo mouse  Gets water from food and from cellular respiration

28. Savannas  Grassland with more moisture. Wet and dry seasons  Plants: scattered trees, shrubs :grasses  Animals: zebra, giraffes, gazelles, lions, hyenas

29. Tropical rainforest  Very wet and hot  Plants: very tall trees, orchids, mosses  Animals: parrots, monkeys, sloth, jaguar

30. Tropical rainforests  More biomass above soil  Pronounced vertical stratification

31. Tropical rainforests  Canopy species at the top  Jungle – thick growth to replace opening  Epiphytes – air plants grow on other plants

32. Alpine  Alpine biomes are at high altitudes  Similar to taiga and tundra

33. Locations of Biomes

34. Quiz – Name that biome  Savannah

35. What Biome?  Desert

36. What Biome?  Deciduous forest

37. What Biome?  Tundra

38. What Biome?  Tropical Rain Forest

39. What Biome?  Chaparral

40. What Biome?  Taiga

41. What Biome?  Grassland

42. Aquatic Biomes

43. Photic zones  Light reaches

44. Aphotic zones  Light does not reach

45. Thermocline  Temperature layer where temperature drops sharply with depth

46. Benthic Zone  The zone below the surface.

47. Freshwater biomes  Oligotrophic Lakes – Deep, nutrient poor, with small surface area.  Low photosynthesis

48. Eutrophic lake  Nutrient-rich, large surface area relative to depth. High rate of photosynthesis

49. Healthiest lakes are balanced  Oligotrophic vs Eutrophic