1. Biology- ch. 7 “Cells- the basic unit of all forms of life”

2. Robert Hooke 1665- coined the term “cell” to describe the tiny rooms that he noticed inside of cork Made a simple microscope of his own to use

3. Anton van Leeuwenhoek Dutch businessman Used a microscope to study nature in 1600’s in Holland He was the first person to see living organisms in a drop of water

4. Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells Cells are the basic units of structure and organization in living things New cells are produced from existing cells with cells passing copies of their genetic material down to their daughter cells

5. Microscopes: 1) Compound light microscope: use lenses to magnify an image

6. 2) Scanning Electron Microscope: magnets aim electrons at the sample

7. Prokaryotic Cells vs. Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic: contain cell membranes and cytoplasm but do not contain nuclei; example: bacteria Eukaryotic: contain nucleus and specialized cell parts

8. Cell Structures: Cell Membrane – (all cells) thin flexible barrier around the cell. “gate-keeper” Cell wall - support and protect (plant, fungus & bacteria cells) Cytoplasm – “cell gel” material inside of the cell membrane. Most chemical reactions take place here

10. Cytoplasm structure Cytoskeleton – framework for cell and anchor organelles in place. Made up of microtubules and microfilaments working together

11. Cytoskeleton: microtubules/microfilament **Microtubules: think train tracks moving things along **Microfilaments: think steel beams in a building holding everything up. Also function in movement for unicellular organisms A B C D

12. A B C D E

13. More Structures: Nucleus: contains genetic material and controls the cell’s activities –Chromatin: DNA bound to proteins –Nucleolus: ribosome assembly occurs here –Nuclear envelope: double membrane protecting the nucleus –Nuclear pores: holes in nuclear envelope that control substances passing into and out of nucleus

14. Ribosomes : manufacture protein Endoplasmic Reticulum : Maze-like structures Rough ER = “rough” b/c has ribosomes on it; function is protein modification; Smooth ER = synthesis of lipids/ membrane formation

15. Golgi Apparatus: modification of protein, packaging Lysosome: Animal cells only enzyme-filled to break down lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and worn cell parts Sometimes AKA “suicide sac”

16. Vacuole: think storage closet full of water, proteins, salts, and carbohydrates **Larger vacuole found in plants!

17. Chloroplast: Use energy from the sun to make food for plants (photosynthesis)

18. Mitochondria: releases energy from sugars to power the cell (has its own DNA from Mom)

19. “Endurance” is a function of how many mitochondria are in your cells! Which cells in your body have the most mitochondria? Your heart muscle cells!