1. Justifications: Good Reasons for Belief

2. Three Types of Knowing 1. Knowing by Acquaintance - direct personal familiarity - Ex. Knowing your own garden - Ex. Knowing the joy of holding a beloved child

3. Justifications: Good Reasons for Belief Three Types of Knowing 2. Knowing how of skill - Ex. Knowing how to dance or cook - Ex. Knowing how to do an experiment or how to write an essay

4. Justifications: Good Reasons for Belief Three Types of Knowing 3. Knowing that something is so - Ex. Knowing that water boils at a particular temperature - Ex. Knowing that Ottawa is the capital of Canada or that smoking increases your chance of cancer

5. Justifications: Good Reasons for Belief Three Types of Knowing 3. Knowing that something is so (aka “propositional knowledge”) - requires critical thinking to determine whether it is credible or not

6. Justifications: Good Reasons for Belief When does “I believe that...” Become “I know that...” ? Must ask: 1) What is the justification for this statement? 2) What are the good reasons for accepting this statement? 3) Why should I believe this claim?

7. Justifications: Good Reasons for Belief Belief – Psychological acceptance of a statement regardless of how intensely we accept it Ex. I believe my neighbor’s rose bush is in bloom Ex. I believe my savings are invested securely Ex. I believe that gravity acts on all parts of our planet Ex. I believe my son or daughter is happy

8. Justifications: Good Reasons for Belief Beliefs Based upon justifications for my beliefs In TOK we ask questions of belief and justification “Why do you believe X?” Or “What are the justifications for your belief”

9. Justifications: Good Reasons for Belief Beliefs “justifications” in the reflective sense Justifications arise from: 1) Ways of Knowing (WOKs) 2) reliable report 3) evidence

10. Justifications: Good Reasons for Belief Knowledge – a subcategory of belief that includes those statements that have public, demonstrated justification, articulated in language and subject to being tested Private Justifications = Personal Relationships & Religion Public Justifications = maths and science

11. Justifications: Good Reasons for Belief Certainty “I am certain” – psychological certainty “It is certain” – degree of justification or likelihood

12. Justifications: Good Reasons for Belief certainty certainty passionate extremely convictionlikely confident probable Belief mildpossible acceptance provisionalunlikely skeptical acceptance Belief Knowledge Scale Scale

13. Bring in an article, cartoon, etc. example of demonstrating Knowing how v. knowing that.