1. 1 Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 5:Tissues Topics:Epithethial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue

2. 2 Homework:  Read Chapter 5 (pages 90-108)  Review Summary Outline (pages 108-109)  Review Vocabulary on website  Do Review Exercises Q1-23 page 109; Due NLT Thursday 2/3.

3. 3 I. Types of Tissues  A. Tissue: cells organized into groups & layers performing a specific function  B. Matrix - non-living portions that support the cells  C. 4 major types 1. Epithelial: form protective coverings and function in secretion and absorption 2. Connective: support softer body parts and bind some structures together 3. Muscle: produce body movements 4. Nervous: conduct impulses that help control and coordinate body activities

4. 4 II. Epithelial Cells  A. Widespread thru the body, covers organs, lines body cavities, & hollow organs  B. 2 sides: one facing outward to cavity, the other side anchors tissue to connective tissue via a (non-living) basement membrane  C. Lacks blood vessels, substances diffuse through from underlying connective tissue which have abundant blood supply

5. 5  D. Cells easily & readily divide (helps with healing)  E. Cells are tightly packed (helps with protection)  F. Cells have other functions: secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensory reception

6. 6 G. Types of Epithelial Tissue  Types: based on shape and number of cell layers [single layers= simple; more layers=stratified; flat=squamous; cube shaped cells=cuboidal; elongated cells= columnar] 1. Simple squamous epithelial: single layer of thin, flattened cells; nuclei are broad and thin  Found in air sacs in the lungs, walls of capillaries, blood and lymph vessels, lining of organs, allows for easy diffusion 2. Simple cubiodal epithelial: single layer of cube-shaped cells with central, spherical nuclei  Lines ovaries, kidney tubules, ducts of some glands, secretes glandular products

7. 7 3. Simple Columnar Epithelium: Single layer of elongated cells, nuclei are arranged near basement layer  May be ciliated or non-ciliated  Ciliated line the female reproductive tubes to move the egg cells  Non-ciliated form a thick lining of the uterus and most organs of the digestive tract for protection  Secrete digestive fluids and absorb nutrients  Microvilli- small extensions of the cell surface (small intestine)  Goblet cells: scattered in the columnar cells to secrete mucus

8. 8 Simple Columnar  Simple Squamous  Simple Cubiodal 

9. 9 4. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium:  Appear layered due to alternation of nuclei position  Have cilia and goblet cells throughout  Lines respiratory system to trap dust and microorganisms

10. 10 5. Stratified Squamous Epithelium:  Many layers, thick tissue  Cells divide at bottom, pushing cells upward which flattens the top layers  Outer layer of skin, epidermis  Keratin: protein produced by aging cells that forms a protective layer on the surface of the skin  Lines mouth, throat, vagina, anal canal

11. 11 6. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium:  2-3 layers of cuboidal cells  Lines larger ducts of mammary, sweat, & salivary glands, pancreas, developing ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules

12. 12 7. Stratified Columnar Epithelium:  Several layers of cells, bottom layers are cube-shaped, upper layers are elongated  In male - urethra & vas deferens, and in parts of the pharynx

13. 13 8. Transitional Epithelium:  Changes in response to increased tension  Forms inner lining of urinary bladder and lines the ureters and parts of urethra  Expandable lining  Prevents diffusion back into the internal environment

14. 14 9. Glandular Epithelium:  Specialized cells for secretion into ducts or body fluids  One or more of these cells is a gland  Exocrine: secrete products into internal or external surface  Endocrine: secrete products into tissue fluid or blood  Table 5.3: Provides synopsis of Type/Function/Location of Epithelial Tissue Types

15. 15 III. Connective Tissue  A. Functions to bind structures, provide support & protection, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infection, help repair tissue damage  B. Cell spacing - further apart than epithelial  C. Intracellular material abundant: large amount of matrix containing fibers and ground substance Consistency of these substances ranges from liquid to semisolid to solid  D. Cells capable of cell division  E. Cells are well nourished with a good blood supply

16. 16  F. Cell Types 1. Fibroblasts: fixed cell, large, star-shaped, produce fibers 2. Macrophages (aka histiocytes): wandering cell, begin as white blood cells, carry out phagocytosis as scavenger & defensive cells 3. Mast cells: fixed cell, large, widely distributed, located near blood vessels, release heparin (to prevent blood clotting) and histamine (to promote an immune response, causes inflamation)

17. 17 G. Connective Tissue Fibers  1. Produced by fibroblasts; 3 types a. Collagenous fibers: thick threads of collagen (protein); flexible, slightly elastic, great tensile strength, long parallel bundles  Important for ligaments (connect bones) and tendons (connect muscles to bones)  Dense connective tissue refers to tissue with lots of collagenous fibers and appear white b. Elastic fibers: composed of elastin (protein), thin branching networks, stretch easily, regain shape, weaker than collagenous, appear yellow  Often found in body parts that stretch frequently (vocal cords) c. Reticular fibers: thin collagenous fibers, highly branched forming delicate networks

18. 18 H. 2 Types of Connective Tissue  1. Connective Tissue Proper a. Loose connective tissue/areolar: delicate, thin membranes, mostly fibroblast cells, separated by matrix containing collagenous and elastic fibers  Binds skin to underlying organs, fills spaces between muscles b. Adipose tissue/fat: develops from cells storing fat, forms when cells of this tissue crowd other cell types  Lies beneath skin, between muscles, around kidneys, behind eyeballs, cover the heart surface, around some joints  Cushion, insulates, stores energy

19. 19  c. Dense connective tissue: many closely packed, thick, collagenous fibers, fine network of elastic fibers, few fibroblast cells Often make-up ligaments and tendons to bind body parts together White layer of eye Deeper skin layers Poor blood supply Loose connective tissue Dense connective tissue

20. 20 2. Specialized connective tissue: a. Cartilage: provides support, framework, attachments, protection of underlying tissues, provides structural models for developing bones  Collagenous fibers in a gel-like substance with chondrocytes (cartilage cells)  Perichondrium: surrounds cartilagenous structures to provide blood, these cells do not normally have direct blood access causing slow healing  3 types based on intercellular material: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

21. 21  b. Bone: most rigid due to mineral salts (CaPO 4 and CaCO 3 ), matrix has lots of collagen fibers Internally supports the structure of the body, provides muscle attachment, forms blood cells, and stores & releases inorganic chemicals Osteocytes: bone cells Blood vessels are present in this tissue Osteocytes have extensions to connect to nearby cells to allow for easy passage of materials

22. 22  c. Blood Transports materials between interior body cells and those that exchange substances with the external environment Composed of formed elements in blood plasma  Formed elements: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets Form in bone marrow within the hollow parts of some long bones TABLE 5.4: Table describing type, function, & location of connective tissue types

23. 23 IV. Muscle Tissue  A. Contractile due to elongated cells shortening As the muscle fiber shortens, it pulls on the attached end, moving a body part  B. Types 1. Skeletal: in muscles that attach to bone  Voluntary muscle: must be a conscious effort to move  Striations: alternating light and dark color pattern  Multiple nuclei  Nerve impulses stimulate contraction

24. 24 Skeletal Muscle

25. 25  2. Smooth Lack striations Shorter than skeletal muscle cells, spindle shaped single, centrally located nucleus Found in walls of hollow organs (stomach, intestine, urinary bladder, uterus, blood vessels Involuntary: cannot be moved by conscious efforts

26. 26  3. Cardiac Only in the heart Striated, joined end-to- end Single nucleus per cell Involuntary Intercalated disc specialized intracellular junction between cells  TABLE 5.5: Chart of muscle types, functions, locations

27. 27 V. Nervous Tissue  A. Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves  B. Neurons: basic cells of the nervous system  C. Sense changes in environment and send impulses via cytoplasmic extensions  D. Coordinate movement, regulate and integrate bodily functions  E. Neuroglial cells: support & bind nervous tissue, carry out phagocytosis, supply nutrients to neurons