1. Exploration and expansion
The Age of Exploration
Exploration and expansion

2. Exploration and expansion
Motives and Means
A. European Exploration
1. Portugal
2. Spain
3. Dutch
4. England
5. France

3. Exploration and expansion
Motives
Marco Polo visits Kublai Khan, writes The Travels, describing exotic East experience.
Conquests of Ottoman Turks leads to travels by sea

4. Exploration and expansion
Five Motives for Exploration
Expand Trade
Search for spices and gold
Religious zeal-introduce Catholic Faith
Convert natives to Christianity
The 3 G’s—God, Glory, Gold (religion, fame, fortune)

5. Exploration and expansion
The Trading Portuguese Trading Empire
1. Leader in trading
2. Explored western coast of Africa-The gold Coast
3. Bartholomeu Dias-sailed Cape of Good Hope

6. Exploration and expansion
4. Vasco de Gama-sailed around Cape of Good Hope and cut across Indian Ocean to Asia. Sold spices and made profit of several thousand percent.
5. Portuguese destroy Muslim shipping and control spice trade.
6. Admiral Afonso-set up trading
port at Goa.
7. Melaka-thriving port for spice
trade.

7. Exploration and expansion
Voyages to The Americas
1. Spanish sail west across the Atlantic to reach spice trade.
2. Portuguese sail east through Indian Ocean to reach spice trade

8. Exploration and expansion
Voyages of Columbus
Italian explorer sponsored by Spanish Queen Isabella.
Reached Caribbean and Honduras-called it the Indies

9. Exploration and expansion
A Line of Demarcation
Treaty of Tordesillas gave Portugal control of the trade routes around Africa, Spain had rights to the Americas

10. Exploration and expansion
Treaty of Tordesillas

11. Exploration and expansion
Race to the Americas
John Cabot-explored New England coast line of the Americas
Amerigo Vespucci-accompanied Pedro Cabral on voyages to South America

12. Exploration and expansion
The Spanish Empire
Spanish Explorers were called Conquistadors
Hernan Cortes-took Aztec empire in 3 years
Francisco Pizarro-controlled Incan empire
Spanish take control of Latin America in 30 years
Portuguese take Brazil due to line of demarcation
1535 colonial governments set up in Americas

13. Exploration and expansion
The Spanish Empire
Native Americans declared subjects by Queen Isabella
Granted the Spanish encomienda, the right to use Native Americans as laborers.
Spanish did not protect Native Americans as directed by Queen
Native Americans put to work on plantations and mines

14. Exploration and expanison
The Spanish Empire
Native Americans begin to die due to forced labor, starvation and disease.
Europeans diseases: smallpox, measles, and typhus.
Hispaniola had population of 250,000 when Columbus arrived
1538 only 500 Native Americans alive
Mexico : Population went from 25 million(1519) to 1 million (1630)

15. Exploration and expansion
The Spanish Empire
Catholics contribute to conquest by converting and baptizing natives
Churches, schools, hospitals built. Represent European society
Native American traditions replaced with European systems of Religion, language, culture, and government

16. Exploration and expansion
Economic Impact and Competition
Aztecs viewed conquerers as greedy pigs who longed for gold.
Colonists began to establish plantations and ranches to raise sugar, cotton, vanilla, livestock and other new products
Potatoes, cocoa, corn and tobacco native to the Americas were shipped to Europe
Exchange between old and new worlds became known as the Columbian Exchange

17. Exploration and expansion
Economic Impact and Competition
New Rivals Enter the Scene
Spanish establish colonies in the Philippine Islands
English settle in India
Dutch settle in India, establish the East India Company to compete with English and Portuguese.
Dutch settle in America and establish the West India Company to compete with Spanish and Portuguese
English eventually crush Dutch empire in the Americas and take over, renaming areas such as New York.

18. Exploration and Expansion
Economic Impact and Competition
New Rivals Enter the Scene
1600’s French colonize parts of Canada and Louisiana
English settle and founded Virginia and Massachusetts Bay Colonies
1700, English have colonial empire along eastern seaboard of North America

19. Exploration and expansion
Economic Impact and Competition
Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism
European nations enter the Commercial Revolution
Mercantilism-a set of principals that dominated economic thought during 1600’s
Idea behind mercantilism-the prosperity of a nation depended on large supply of gold and silver. The more gold and silver a nation had, the more prosperous the nation was.
Balance of Trade is the difference in value between what a nation imports and what a nation exports. Favorable balance shows more exports than imports