2. Animal Behavior Notes!

4. Behavior What an animal does & How an animal does it! Think of all of the behaviors of your pet...or a friends’ pet. List them and classify them as either being genetically “innate” or learned.

5. Behavioral Ecology Behavioral Ecology emphasizes evolutionary hypothesis. Based on the fact that animals will act in a way that will increase their Darwinian fitness. What does “fitness” refer to in Darwinian terms?

6. What questions can we ask? Proximate causes –immediate stimulus & mechanism –“how” & “what” questions Ultimate causes –evolutionary significance –how does behavior contribute to survival & reproduction adaptive value –“why” questions male songbird  what triggers singing?  how does he sing?  why does he sing? male songbird  what triggers singing?  how does he sing?  why does he sing?  how does daylength influence breeding?  why do cranes breed in spring?  how does daylength influence breeding?  why do cranes breed in spring? Courtship behavior in cranes  what,…how… & why questions Courtship behavior in cranes  what,…how… & why questions

7. P & E Practice Human Sweet-tooth Sonar Clicks in Bats

8. ETHOLOGY Pioneers in the Study of An. Behavior Karl von Frisch Niko TinbergenKonrad Lorenz

9. Two Classifications of Behavior – Who cares??? ADAPTIVE ADVANTAGE 1.innate behaviors automatic, fixed, “built-in”, no “learning curve” despite different environments, all individuals exhibit the behavior ex. early survival, reproduction, kinesis, taxis 2.learned behaviors modified by experience variable, changeable flexible with a complex & changing environment

10. Innate behaviors Fixed action patterns (FAP) –sequence of behaviors essentially unchangeable & usually conducted to completion once started –sign stimulus the releaser that triggers a FAP

11. Innate: Fixed Action Patterns (FAP) Do humans exhibit Fixed Action Patterns? Digger wasp egg rolling in geese

12. Innate: Directed movements

13. Innate: Migration

14. Innate & Learned Behavior: Imprinting Who???

15. I & L: Imprinting CRITICAL PERIOD

16. Learned Behavior Associative learning –learning to associate a stimulus with a consequence

17. Operant Conditioning

18. Classical Conditioning

19. Learning: Habituation

20. Learning: Problem-solving Do other animals reason? crow

21. Social Behavior Communication/Language Agonistic Behaviors Dominance Hierarchy Cooperation Altruistic Behavior

22. a. Language

23. Communication by song

24. Communication by scent Female mosquito use CO 2 concentrations to locate victims Spider using moth sex pheromones, as allomones, to lure its prey

26. b. Agonistic behaviors Lizard Behavior

27. c. Dominance hierarchy

28. d. Cooperation

29. e. Altruistic Behavior kin selection increasing survival of close relatives passes these genes on to the next generation How can this be of adaptive value? Warning Calls