1. FEDERAL COURT SYSTEM Chapter 16 p. 430

2. I.DUAL COURT SYSTEM 51 Courts Virginia State Courts 1.General District Cts. a. misdemeanors small crimes 2.Circuit Court a. felonies, large crimes (murder) 3.Va.Court of Appeals 4.Virginia Supreme Ct. Federal Courts 1.Federal District Court a. Federal crimes, tax or mail fraud 2.U.S.Court of Appeals 3.U.S.Supreme Court – if a federal quesiton is involved, state case goes straight here

3. II. The U.S. Supreme Court

4. A. The Nine Supreme Court Justices 1. Who are they? You will get a hand out that gives a brief biography of each 2. How do they get their job? a. President appoints/criteria 1) age 2) experience 3) Does he/she think like him? 4) Demographics – Does the court look like America? b. Senate must approve

5. B. Terms and salary 1.Serve for life because 2. Salary cannot be reduced because

6. III. Supreme Court Procedure A. Writ of Certiorari: A court order by the Court to send a case up for review (to be made more certain 1. Takes the “rule of four” – four justices must agree to hear case 2. Must raise an important constitutional issue. Only about 150 heard out of 8,500

7. 3. Which cases usually are granted CERT a. Two or more Courts of appeals decide differently b. State courts have declared a federal law unconstitutional

8. B. Briefs are filed – each side files their side of the case with cases supporting (stare decisis) 1. Amicus curiae (friends of the court: Those groups that have an interest in its outcome 2. Example: N.O.W.files concerning no Medi- caid for abortions.

9. C. Oral Arguments: Each side gets 30 minutes to present his side of the case 1. Heard in two week cycles. Two weeks listening, two weeks writing 2. Opinions are not fast.

10. D. Conferences: In closest secrecy, cases are discussed and voted on 1. Chief justice presides – He gives his opinion first followed by the others 2. A vote is tallied as they speak. 3. Only those cases that pose difficult questions or where the lower court disagree reach the Supreme Court.

11. E. Opinions: How and why the court decided the way it did. 1. If Chief Justice is in majority, he assigns who writes the majority opinion 2. Senior justice who voted with minority assigns the dissenting opinion

12. G. Types of opinions 1. Majority opinion: the official published opinion of the Supreme Court 2. Concurring opinion: Justice voted with the majority but for different reasons 3. Dissenting opinion: Justices give their reasons for disagreeing. The minority opinion of today could be the majority opinion of tomorrow. 4. Per curiam

13. H. Why are Supreme Court decisions so important? Opinions set the precedents that all states must follow. Each decision has the strength of law. Examples are Roe vs. Wade, Miranda vs. Ariz., and Brown vs. State Board of Topeka, Kansas.

14. IV. Power of the Court A.Court has overturned over 160 laws (abortion, school segregation, etc) 1. All congress has to do is pass a revised law such as restrictions on recent voting regulations.

15. B. Frequency Court Reverses itself 1.Usually Court decides based on “stare decisis” (let the decision stand) Why? a. Keeps law stable and not chaotic. b. Maintains equal justice: That which is fair for one must be fair for another 2. Court has overruled itself over 260 times which shows its power.

16. C. Hearing political questions agreeing to hear “political questions such as gerrymandering or the 2000 election

17. D. Kinds of remedies it imposes Remedies occur when the solutions to a problem is imposed by the courts Examples: Prison reform or requiring all schools to teach English to foreign students

18. V. Judicial Restraint vs. Judicial Activism

19. A.Definitions: 1. Judicial Restraint: Deciding cases on precedent and original intent. Legis- ture should make changes because they are controlled by elections 2. Judicial Activism: Deciding cases in a way that changes direction of gov’t policy.