1. Objective: Describe events in Western Europe from the fall of Rome to the emergence of nation ‑ states and analyze the impact of these events on economic, political, and social life in medieval Europe.

2. Peasants – farmed the land or worked as an artisan Serfs – bound to the manor, could not leave without permission Manor system – agricultural relationship; self-sufficiency

4. Trade fairs encouraged trade between Flanders & Italy Need for common medium of exchange led to money economy Commercial capitalism – investing in trade to make profits Burg – “walled enclosure” medieval town where guilds operated Bourgeoisie – merchants & artisans Guilds – business & trade associations; merchant & craft Revival of trade & growth of towns

5. Money from the Middle Ages

6. Burg

7. Chief task – harmonize Christian teaching with Greek philosophers St. Thomas Aquinas – brilliant theologian & philosopher Scholasticism – tried to reconcile faith and reason

8. Troubadour poetry – traveling poet- musicians, most popular Medieval romances – stories about knights & ladies Vernacular literature – everyday or local language

9. Romanesque – 11 th & 12 th centuries Gothic – appeared in 12 th century, stained-glass windows Ribbed vaults & pointed arches – impression of upward movement Flying buttresses distributed weight outward and down Architecture – an explosion of building of churches in medieval Europe

10. Romanesque

11. Gothic

12. England – developing representative government William of Normandy – William the Conqueror after Battle of Hastings Set up a Great Council of advisors & used local sheriffs Domesday Book – 1 st census since Roman times Decline of power of nobles due to development of nation-state

13. Magna Carta, Great Charter – nobles forced John to sign in 1215 Guaranteed rights of English people (nobles) Strengthened idea that monarch’s power was limited, not absolute Edward I called into session the English Parliament, 1295 Eventually divided into House of Lords & House of Commons

14. Magna Carta

15. Independent lords gradually came under central royal control Philip IV called into session the Estates-General, 1 st French parliament France – lagged behind England

16. Cause – feudal dispute over heredity and control of land Joan of Arc – peasant girl who led French to victory Effects – sense of unity on both sides; end of feudalism The Hundred Years’ War, 1337-1453 – fought between France & England

17. Reconquista: campaign to drive the Muslims out of Spain Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile married in 1469 Spanish Inquisition: church court; only Catholics were able to survive Dominicans: religious order & examiners in the court of inquisition Spain – under Muslim control since 725 but Christian kingdoms emerged