1. The purposes of nursing theory?
To guide nursing practice and generates knowledge
To describe or explain nursing
To enable nurses to know WHY they are doing WHAT they are doing

2. Types of nursing theories
Grand theories – broad and complex
Middle-range theories- address specific phenomena and reflect practice
Descriptive theories – first level of theory development
Prescriptive theories – address nursing interventions and predict their consequences

3. Why on earth do we study nursing theory?
Everyday practice enriches theory
Both practice and theory are guided by values and beliefs
Theory helps to reframe our thinking about nursing
Theory guides use of ideas and techniques
Theory can close the gap between theory and research
To envision تصور potentialities

4. How do nurses use theory in everyday practice?
Organize patient data
Understand patient data
Analyze patient data
Make decisions about nursing interventions
Plan patient care
Predict outcomes of care
Evaluate patient outcomes
(Alligood, 2001)

5. How do student nurses begin to use nursing theory?
By asking yourself two very important questions…..
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

6. Student nurse questions
What is the nature of knowledge needed for the practice of nursing?
What does it mean to me to practice nursing?
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

7. Nursing also utilizes non-nursing theories

8. Commonly used non-nursing theories
Systems theory
Basic Human Needs theory
Health and Wellness Models
Stress and Adaptation
Developmental Theories
Psychosocial Theories

9. What is the link between nursing theory and the research process?
Theory provides direction for nursing research
Relationships of components in a theory help to drive the research questions for understanding nursing

10. Current trends that influence nursing theory
Medical science
Nursing education
Professional nursing organizations
Evolving research approaches
Global concerns
Consumer demands
Technologies

11. “ Practicing nurses who despise theory are condemned مدان to performing a series of tasks - either at the command of a physician or in response to routines and policies.”

12. Some commonalities القواسم المشتركة
Purpose
Concepts
Definitions
Propositions
Structured ideas
Tentative
Describe a phenomenon or occurrence

13. Components/Elements of theory
1.Purpose “Why is the theory formulated”
2.Concepts are building blocks of theory – ideas, mental images of a phenomenon, an event or object that is derived from an individual’s experience and perception
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

14. Components/Elements of theory
3.Has a major concept like nursing, person, health or environment.
4. Definitions give meaning to concepts which can either be descriptive or procedural (stipulate-use of term within the theory)
3. Major concepts may not be present in the theory but a main concept is usually presnt and the author is usually
Known for that example Orem’s Self Care Theory

15. Components/Elements of theory
Propositions are expressions of relational statements between and among the concepts. It can be expressed as statements, paradigms or figures . AKA as theoretical assertions
Assumptions- accepted “truths” that are basic and fundamental to the theory. Or value assumptions where what is good or right or ought to be.

16. Characteristics of a Theory
Systematic, logical and coherent
(orderly reasoning,no contradictions)
Creative structuring of ideas
mental images of one’s experiences and create different ways of looking at a particular event or object.
3. Tentative in nature ( change over time or evolving but some remain valid despite passage of time)

17. How does a theory develop?
Four strategies of theory development
1. Theory practice theory: ( theory developed in other discipline and used in nursing situations
2.Practice – theory evolved from clinical practice
Theories used using the practice theory strategy evolved from clinical practice. Example Orlando’s nursing process theory

18. How does a theory develop?
3. Research theory or inductive method
Must evolve from research findings or empirical evidence.
4. Theory research theory
theories developed by other disciplines are utilized but given unique nursing perspective. Original theory examined and given a new research findings.
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

19. TERMINOLOGY METAPARADIGM
Most abstract level of knowledge. In nursing this is main concepts that encompasses the subject matter and the scope of the discipline
Central concepts of person, environment, health and nursing

20. TERMINOLOGY Philosophy
Knowledge level which specifies the definitions of the metaparadigm concepts in each of the conceptual models of nursing.
Nightingale is considered philosophical approach
Out of these philosophies theory maybe formalized

21. Conceptual models
Frameworks or paradigms that provide a broad frame of reference for the systematic approaches to the phenomena with which the discipline is concerned.
-different views nursing like Roy focuses on adaptation, King on interaction and Abdellah on interventions

22. Group of related concepts that propose actions that guide practice
Theory
Group of related concepts that propose actions that guide practice

23. Nursing theory
Group of related concepts that derived from the nursing models. Some derive from other nursing discipline like LEininger which comes from anthropology

24. Uses of theory Theory guides and improve nursing practice
Theory provides goal for nursing care and with goals, nursing practice is rendered more effective and efficient.
theories help to focus the goals, making nurses more confident about the practice.

25. Uses of theory 2. Theory guides research
according to Meleis, primary use of theory is to guide research. It validates and modifies the theory.
3. Theory contributes to the development of the disciplines body of knowledge
4. Theory enhances communication

26. Process of Knowledge Development

27. THANK YOU!
Copyright 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.