2. Protein Synthesis Translation

3. http://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=_ Q2Ba2cFAew (central dogma song) http://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=_ Q2Ba2cFAew

4. Genes and Proteins The coded information in DNA is put to work through production of proteins. DNA > RNA > Protein > Trait (Melanin)

5. Genes and Proteins Some proteins: Muscle, skin, pigment, hair etc. Enzymes Help digest food Control Cellular Respiration - (break down glucose) Make spindle apparatus Enzymes control all the chemical reactions of an organism. By encoding the instructions for making proteins, DNA controls cells.

6. Genes and Proteins Proteins are polymers of amino acids. The sequence of nucleotides in each gene contains information for assembling the string of amino acids that make up a single protein. (Human Insulin)

7. RNA Differs from DNA: DNA double stranded: RNA single DNA deoxyribose sugar; RNA ribose DNA Thymine: RNA Uracil Uracil Hydrogen bonds Adenine

8. Protein Synthesis Computer Analogy DNA = CD for Game RNA = Computer and Monitor Protein = Game Building Analogy DNA = Printed Instructions RNA = Workers Protein = Product

9. Three Types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA), brings instructions from DNA in the nucleus (headquarters) to the cytoplasm (factory). In the factory mRNA moves to the assembly line, a ribosome.

10. Three Types of RNA: The ribosome (assembly line), made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Binds to the mRNA Uses the instructions to assemble the amino acids in the correct order. mRNA Amino Acid rRNA

11. Three Types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the supplier. Delivers amino acids (raw materials) to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein. mRNA Amino Acid Ribosome tRNA

12. Translation: From mRNA to Protein “A communication in a second language having the same meaning as the communication in a first language” Converting a sequence of nitrogenous bases in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids.

13. Translation At ribosomes. Attaches to mRNA like a clothespin clamped onto a clothesline.

14. Translation Click image to view movie

15. Translation Amino acids brought to ribosomes by transfer RNA. tRNA molecule attaches to only one type of amino acid. Amino acid Chain of RNA nucleotides Transfer RNA molecule Anticondon

16. Translation A ribosome attaches to start of mRNA. tRNA, carrying a specific amino acid, approaches. tRNA anticodon pairs with mRNA codon. Ribosome mRNA codon

17. Translation First codon AUG codes methionine. Signals “start” Ribosome slides to next codon. tRNA anticodon Methionine

18. Translation New tRNA carries an amino acid to pair with second mRNA codon. Alanine

19. Translation Amino acids joined by peptide bond. Continues for 50 to thousands of amino acids to make a protein. Alanine Methionine Peptide bond

20. The Genetic Code The Messenger RNA Genetic Code First Letter Second Letter U U C A G Third Letter U C A G U C A G U C A G U C A G C A G Phenylalanine (UUU) Phenylalanine (UUC) Leucine (UUA) Leucine (UUG) Leucine (CUU) Leucine (CUC) Leucine (CUA) Leucine (CUG) Isoleucine (AUU) Isoleucine (AUC) Isoleucine (AUA) Methionine; Start (AUG) Valine (GUU) Valine (GUC) Valine (GUA) Valine (GUG) Serine (UCU) Serine (UCC) Serine (UCA) Serine (UCG) Proline (CCU) Proline (CCC) Proline (CCA) Proline (CCG) Threonine (ACU) Threonine (ACC) Threonine (ACA) Threonine (ACG) Alanine (GCU) Alanine (GCC) Alanine (GCA) Alanine (GCG) Tyrosine (UAU) Tyrosine (UAC) Stop (UAA) Stop (UAG) Histadine (CAU) Histadine (CAC) Glutamine (CAA) Glutamine (CAG) Asparagine (AAU) Asparagine (AAC) Lysine (AAA) Lysine (AAG) Aspartate (GAU) Aspartate (GAC) Glutamate (GAA) Glutamate (GAG) Cysteine (UGU) Cysteine (UGC) Stop (UGA) Tryptophan (UGG) Arginine (CGU) Arginine (CGC) Arginine (CGA) Arginine (CGG) Serine (AGU) Serine (AGC) Arginine (AGA) Arginine (AGG) Glycine (GGU) Glycine (GGC) Glycine (GGA) Glycine (GGG)

21. Translation Click image to view movie

22. mRNA re-use mRNA can be used again, not “used up” after just one. Can use the same plans to build many houses.

23. Codons DNA code is a series of 4 nucleotides, A, T, C and G. Each three nucleotides in a row on a gene code for a certain amino acid in that part of the protein. TGG-CGC-TAC ACC-GCG-AUG Thr-Ala-Met Threonine, Alanine, Methionine

24. Summary Diagram

25. http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=d1UP f7lXeO8 (rap attempt) http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=d1UP f7lXeO8 http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=- ygpqVr7_xs (instrumental) http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=- ygpqVr7_xs