1. Which situation brought about the rapid growth of industry between 1865 and 1900?
high worker morale resulting from good wages and working conditions
availability of investment capital
establishment of western reservations for Native American Indians
decline in the number of people attending schools

2. In the decades after the Civil War, the major result of the shift from single proprietorship to corporate organization was that business was able to
make more efficient use of natural resources
concentrate on improving the quality of manufactured goods
provide workers with higher wages
raise large sums of money

3. Businesses formed trusts, pools, and holding companies mainly to
increase profits by eliminating competition
offer a wide range of goods and services to consumers
provide employment opportunities for minorities
protect the interests of workers

4. A negative effect of holding companies (trusts), mergers, and pools on the United States during the late 19th century was that these combinations
encouraged the Federal Government to spend more than its income
reduced the need for labor unions
decreased competition between businesses
ended United States participation in inter-national trade

5. The 19th-century philosophy of Social Darwinism maintained that
the government should have control over the means of production and the marketplace
all social class distinctions in American society should be eliminated
economic success comes to those who are the hardest working and most competent
wealth and income should be more equally distributed

6. Robber Barons or captains of industry?
Robber Barons or captains of industry?

7. Mark Hanna- iron and coal industrialist Philip Armour- meatpacking
LABOR
ONE SEES HIS FINISH UNLESS GOOD GOVERNMENT RETAKES THE SHIP
Mark Hanna- iron and coal
industrialist
Philip Armour- meatpacking
industrialist

8. “What a Funny Little Government”, by Horace Taylor for the September 25, 1899 issue of The Verdict
THE TRUST GIANTS POINT OF VIEW
“WHAT A FUNNY LITTLE GOVERNMENT”

9. “The Standard Oil Octopus” Keppler 1904 Puck

10. “The Standard Oil Octopus”

11. Joseph Keppler - 1889 political cartoon "The Bosses of the Senate",

12. “The Protectors of our Industry” 1883

13. Samuel Ehrhardt, ‘History Repeats Itself: The Robber Barons of the Middle Ages and the Robber Barons of Today’, Puck, c. 1889

15. Labor Unions Emerge: Working Conditions: Dangers: Wages: child labor:
Six or seven days a week
12+ hours
No benefits (vacation, sick time, unemployment, injury)
Dangers:
injuries common; dangerous equipment
675 deaths a week in ’82
Wages:
to survive, women and children often had to work
 child labor:
20% of boys, 10% of girls work full time- no education
sweatshops:
done in tenement houses;
women and children (27 cents for 14 hour day- children)

16. American Federation of Labor (craft unions)
Types of workers it organized
Tactics used (strikes, collective bargaining, arbitration)
Goals- types of reforms sought
Level of success?
Knights of Labor
ALL WORKERS (men, women, minorities, immigrants, skilled unskilled)
Mostly arbitration- third party solves dispute
8-hour work day
Equal pay for men and women
Declines after failure of strikes
American Federation of Labor (craft unions)
Skilled workers
LEADER: Samuel Gompers
Collective bargaining- negotiation between labor and management
Strikes used
“bread and butter issues”
Higher wages
Shorter work weeks
Quite successful
American Railway Union (industrial union)
All workers in a specific industry (railroad)
Unskilled, semi-skilled, some skilled
LEADER: Eugene V. Debs
Strikes
Declines after failure of a strike

17. Why was the AFL more successful than the Knights of Labor?
too diverse a group of workers- different goals
unskilled workers easy to replace
American Federation of Labor- (AFL)
workers in same craft- same goals
skilled workers have more power

18. Collective Bargaining
negotiation between labor and management to settle disputes

19. Homestead Strike
Pullman Strike

20. In both the Homestead and Pullman Company Strike, what role did the government play? Did they support the workers or big business?
Government sends in troops to end the strike, orders Debs to end the strike.
****supports business

21. In re debs
The government does have the power to order Debs to stop strike
Article one, Section 8 of Constitution-
- interstate commerce; post office
(RR strike interfered with commerce and the delivery of the mail)

22. What is the ILGWU:
International Ladies’ Garment Union
What was the “Uprising of 20,000”? What was the outcome?
A successful seamstress strike in 1909
Describe the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire of 1911:
1911 fire- all doors locked; 146 women burn to death
What positive result did the tragedy have in New York?
New York sets up a task force to improve safety conditions

23. Homestead Strike: Conditions that led to the strike:
Announcement to cut wages at Carnegie Steel.
Tactics used by both sides (labor and management):
Labor: go on strike; attack plant- occupy it and keep it closed
Management: hires scabs, hires “Pinkertons” (armed guards) to protect plant
Role of the state and/ or federal government:
National Guard sent in to reopen plant
Outcome of the strike:
after 5 months, union gives in to company; loses public support;
(45 years until steel workers unionize again)

24. Pullman Strike Conditions that led to the strike:
Pullman lays off more than half of work force; cuts pay of rest
Still charges the same for rent
Tactics used by both sides (labor and management):
Labor: strike called; Debs asks for arbitration; ARU boycotts Pullman trains; go after strikebreakers (scabs)
Management: hires scabs; refuses arbitration
Role of the state and/ or federal government:
President Cleveland sends in federal troops to end strike
Courts issue an “injunction” (order) to halt the strike
Debs is arrested for refusing the injunction
Outcome of the strike:
Pullman fires strikers
Strikers “blacklisted”- no RR company will hire them