1. Domain II Organisms EOCT Review pages 5-7

2. 1 ATP is a nucleotide. It is used as a source of energy in the cell.

3. 2 ATP releases energy as bonds are broken. A – P – P – P A – P – P + P This bond is broken This is ADP…which is a lower energy molecule than ATP.

4. 3 Cell use energy for: Respiration Photosynthesis (in plants) Digestion (in animals) Reproduction (meiosis) Active transport Growth and repair (mitosis)

5. 4 ProcessOrganelle where it occurs What is needed?What is produced? Photosynthesis Cell Respiration ChloroplastCO 2, H 2 0, LIGHT Sugar (glucose) and Oxygen Cytoplasm and Mitochondria Sugar (glucose) and OxygenCO 2, H 2 0, 36 ATP CO 2 + H 2 0 + LIGHT Sugar (glucose) + Oxygen

6. 5 PLANTAE!!!!! And…Some bacteria and some protists.

7. 6 Sugar (glucose) + Oxygen CO 2 + H 2 0 + 36 ATP

8. 7 All eukaryotic kingdoms perform respiration: – Plantae – Protista – Animalia – Fungi

9. 8 Autotroph; Producer

10. 9 Heterotroph; Consumer

11. 10 Fermentation is a process that occurs when there is not enough oxygen to run steps 2 (Krebs cycle)and 3 (Electron transport chain) of cell respiration. It happens in the cytoplasm.

12. 11 The glucose is broken in half during step 1 of cell respiration (glycolysis) to form two pyruvate molecules. The pyruvate is changed into lactic acid, which allows glycolysis to happen again. You feel the lactic acid build up as a burning sensation in your muscles.

13. 12 Taxonomy is the scientific study of classifying organisms into groups based on characteristics.

14. 13 Homo sapiens Homo = genus name sapiens = species name.

15. 14 K P C O F G S

16. 15 A taxon (pl. taxa) is a level of classification. – K, P, C, O, F, G, and S are taxa.

17. 16 Similar DNA sequences (biochemistry) Physical similarities Geographic distribution Chromosome comparisons Breeding behavior

18. 17 It allows for an orderly study and makes comparisons between organisms possible.

19. 18 Evolutionary relationships are another way to determine how closely two species are related.

20. 19 Old bacterial kingdom = Monera Scientists realized that some bacteria were as different from other bacteria as plants are from animals. – So, they needed to be in different kingdoms. Thus, the birth of kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

21. 20 A tool used to determine the identity of an organism based on physical characteristics.

22. 21 A = house fly B = Grasshopper C = Ladybug D = dragonfly

23. 22 A cladogram is a diagram showing evolutionary relationships and history between organisms.

24. 23 A.) Mosses Technically it is the green algae ancestor, but of the clades listed, Mosses are the oldest. B.) Ferns, Cone-bearing plants and Flowering plants C.) Cone-bearing plants and flowering plants D.) Flowering plants

25. 19…don’t know why it is numbered 19….accept it and move on. CharacteristicArchaeaBacteriaProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Cell TypePRO EU # of cells111+Some 1+, most multi Multimulti NucleusNO YES FOOD?Some auto/ some hetero Some auto/ some hetero Some auto/ some hetero HeteroAutoHetero Cell wall?YES SomeYES NO Photosyn?NOA few NOYESNO Ex:Thermophiles Methanogens -E. Coli -Staph -Strep Euglena Amoeba Paramecium -Mold - Yeast PlantsAnimals

26. 24 Binary fission is an asexual method of reproduction that occurs in bacteria. It is very similar to mitosis: – 1.) The bacterial DNA is copied. – 2.) The copied DNA moves to opposite sides of the cell. – 3.) The cell splits in half forming two identical cells.

27. 25 Decomposers return nutrients into the soil (and atmosphere in the case of carbon (CO 2 ) allowing the cycle to continue.

28. 26 Viruses are considered non-living because: – 1.) They cannot reproduce on their own. (They need a host). – 2.) They are not made of cells. – They are essentially a bag made of protein with DNA or RNA in the bag.

29. 27 Pay special attention to the CAPSID and the DNA. These are the two most important parts for you to know!!! This is a BACTERIOPHAGE. (A virus that infects bacteria)

30. 28 In the lytic cycle, the virus: – 1.) completely takes over the cell – 2.) uses the cell’s organelles to make new viruses – 3.) causes the cell to explode, releasing the new viruses. In the lysogenic cycle, the virus: – 1.) hides its DNA in the host cell DNA. – 2.) reproduces only as fast as the host cell goes through mitosis. – 3.) may lie hidden for years before the person shows any symptoms. These are very fast- acting viruses. These tend to be slow-acting viruses.

31. 29 A very basic explanation: – 1.) The virus enters the host cell. – 2.) The virus is copied within the cell. Either by – taking over the cell (lytic cycle) or – by being copied as the host cell divides (lysogenic cycle) – 3.) The new viruses leave the cell to infect other cells.